John Stuart Mill Essay

British philosopher, John Stuart Mill, served many years as a member of parliament and worked diligently to bring forth liberal ideas. Amongst these ideas was the distinction of utilitarianism, or the act of doing what is right for the greatest number of people. Yet, just discussing the idea of right versus wrong for the masses was not enough, Mill’s determined there were two forms of utilitarianism; act, the direct form, or sanction, the indirect form. Much like formal logic with deductive and inductive reasoning, act and sanction utilitarianism strive for the same goal but have different ways of reaching it. Both forms of utilitarianism are seeking to find the best possible outcome for the largest number of people and using that as a measure of right versus wrong, yet by examining the differences of act utilitarianism and sanction utilitarianism, it will become clear that sanction utilitarianism is superior and more easily attainable. Focusing on act utilitarianism, this direct form works in maxims, expanding the contrast between right and wrong. â€Å"An act is right and just in its consequences for human happiness are at least good as any alternative available to the agent† (9). Thus, it is your duty to do the optimal act in a situation because anything other than the best act is a wrong act. Furthermore, Mills also comments that it is considered a â€Å"righteous† act if the consequences are just as good or better than any other action. Staying within the ideas of right or wrong, or when decisions seem to commonly be referred to as â€Å"black or white,† there is also an ideal of proportions to consider. Remember that the act is right is if brings happiness to the most people, but one is incapable of pleasing every person in every situation. Thus, Mills refers to the â€Å"Proportionality Doctrine† to tell what makes an act right or wrong. The Proportionality Doctrine states that acts are right if they promote happiness, or acts are wrong if they promote sadness. In act utilitarianism, each person is held to a duty to always make the best choices and perform the best actions. What that does though is â€Å"imply that I do wrong every time I fail to do the very best action, even when the suboptimal act that I perform is a very good deed. That may seem harsh and overly demanding† (11). Act utilitarianism is very demanding, having to always do the best thing all the time. What direct, or act utilitarianism implies is that if you fail to do the most optimal act then what you did was wrong, which is not always the case. In contrast to act utilitarianism, sanction utilitarianism allows gray space in between the black and white ultimatums. Mill’s writes: â€Å"because it makes the rightness and wrongness of conduct depend upon the utility of sanctioning that conduct in some way, we might call it sanction utilitarianism† (11). Here, Mill’s almost accepts that there are situations that will never be distinguished as exactly right and exactly wrong. Yet, Mill’s also struggles to let got of act utilitarianism since there usually are only two options. Thus, indirectly, an act is right if and only if its optimal to apply sanctions to its omission, whereas applying sanctions is right if and only if it is optimal is a direct action. â€Å"The only difference is that whereas sanction utilitarianism ties rightness and wrongness to praise and blame, act utilitarianism does not† (12). There are four kind acts that fall under sanction utilitarianism: 1. Wrong of forbidden acts are those whose performance it is optimal to blame 2. Permissible acts are those whose performance it is not optimal to blame 3. Obligatory acts are those whose omission it is optimal to blame 4. Supererogatory acts are permissible acts that are especially expedient (11) Here, these four actions seem to take on new meanings: while of course forbidden acts are optimal to blame negative reactions on (they are forbidden for a reason), it is now possible to see that the blame has a purpose behind it since the act caused proportionally the most damage. Unlike act utilitarianism, sanction utilitarianism is clear about which acts are sanctioned and which ones are not. In comparison, both forms of utilitarianism tend to seek the best possible outcome for he highest number of people, yet they have varying degrees of severity. People feel that when it comes to act utilitarianism, if you are not doing the best action each end every second, then whatever else you do is considered wrong. Living with the constant fear that your every action is scrutinized leaves those who practice act utilitarianism demoralized and deflated. It is also exhausting to have to be doing the best thing all the time and society does not naturally possess the ability to be a â€Å"hero† every waking moment. It would seem that sanction utilitarianism is more probable because it promotes a more feel good way of life. Your actions are all driven by a desire to do the right thing, but if you fail from time to time, as long as the intention was there, you are doing all right. â€Å"In arguing sanction utilitarianism, Mill’s claims that it allows him to distinguish duty and expediency and claim that not all inexpedient acts are wrong; inexpedient acts are only wrong when it is good or optimal to sanction them† (11). This means that sanction utilitarianism is more preferable and attainable than act utilitarianism when it comes to acts of duty. Therefore, a person would see this flexibility in sanction utilitarianism as a way to be seeking the righteous actions while being less demanding than act utilitarianism. Sanction utilitarianism is a superior alternative to act utilitarianism because it is flexible, forgiving and attainable. Humans are one of the most imperfect species on the planet and with highly evolved social politics; it is completely impossible to please everyone at the same time. Take into consideration the very foundation of democracy, selecting the best candidate for the job based on a populous vote. If everyone were voting under the basis of selecting the best person for the most number of people, then they would all vote for the same person. There has never been an election where a single candidate won every vote, and thus it proves that humans are incapable of behaving under complete act utilitarianism. On the other hand, it is good to hold yourself to the highest standards and expect the most out of yourself and think that you should always be doing the best thing. The flexibility of sanction utilitarianism is that individual morals and ethics come into play for each person, allowing them to wander between right and wrong finding the best outcome that may be a blend of the two. Take for instance the selection of which college to go to: your personality, likes, dislikes and more come into consideration and while the student wants to find a reputable school, they also have to find a place to call home for four years. If the student chooses the wrong location, it makes their lives miserable, their roommate’s life unbearable, and the family’s life saddened. Thus, the student had to balance every option and maybe give in on reputation for the best social fit, whereas under act utilitarianism, they would have picked a school solely on reputation alone since theoretically, that would lead them to the best possible outcome. Also, under sanction utilitarianism, if a choice is made and it turns out to be wrong, a new choice can be made to counteract the first giving sanction utilitarianism a sense of forgiveness. Combining these two ideals, flexibility and forgiveness, sanction utilitarianism reins superior over act utilitarianism because it is attainable. While both forms of utilitarianism are seeking to find the best possible outcome for the largest number of people, through examining the differences of act utilitarianism and sanction utilitarianism, it became clear that sanction utilitarianism is superior through its attainable qualities. In act utilitarianism the path for right over wrong is very demanding, requiring someone to always do the best thing all of the time. Ultimately, what direct utilitarianism implies is that you fail when what you did was wrong, which may not always be the case. Unlike act utilitarianism, sanction utilitarianism is clear about which acts are sanctioned and which ones are not, which allows someone to strive for their best but not harm them if they fail. Sanction utilitarianism is more preferable and attainable than act utilitarianism when it comes to acts of duty because a person would see the flexibility in sanction utilitarianism as a way to be seeking the righteous actions while being less demanding than act utilitarianism. While humanity is incapable of following act utilitarianism, the forgiveness built into sanction utilitarianism is preferred, since if the choice made turns out to be wrong, a new choice can be made to counteract the first. Combining these two ideals, flexibility and forgiveness, sanction utilitarianism becomes attainable for humanity and it rises in superiority over act utilitarianism.

Industrial Revolution in England Essay

Industrial revolution occurred in England between 1750 and 1850. This revolution was about changing the old production processes to new for the purpose of making more profit. There were major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining and technology which had a significant effect on the economy and culture of England. England was the starting point of the revolution and after England it spread to Europe, North America and finally the entire world. Basically, it was resulted in industry and machine manufacturing, instead of the old system which was agrarian and handicraft economy. Industrial revolution influenced every aspect of daily life. This revolution led drastic changes. Technological, socioeconomic and cultural features are the main features that changed and developed in the Industrial Revolution. Firstly in the technological field, people started to use new basic materials such as iron and steel and new energy sources such as electricity, steam engine, etc. were introduced. Also, new machines invented, for example spinning jenny. Human energy expenditure becomes smaller as a result of invention of new machines. Lastly, factory system occurred and a new organization way emerged with that. This change led division of labour to occur. Industrial revolution was a very very important social event, it changed and improved the world and there are some important terms, peoples and matters which were the main building blocks such as coal, spinning jenny and steam engine. Firstly, coal. Coal and industrial revolution were connected to each other. Before the revolution people used coal but what they use was very close to surface and they didn’t get benefit from it. Before the revolution there were 2 types of mines; drift mines and bell pits. There were small scale of this and only homes and local industries used these types of coals. But after the revolution demand on coal increased a lot because coal was the energy source for machines. More machines needed more coal. Therefore, coal mines got deeper and deeper; coal mining became very essential for factories. Secondly, spinning jenny. First spinning jenny was invented by James Hargreaves; jenny was the initial word for engine. There were 20.000 spinning jennys across Britain in 1778. Samuel Compton improved spinning jenny. Thirdly, steam engine. Steam engine  converts heat energy to mechanical energy by pressurized steam. It was invented by Thomas Newcomen. He found the first practical engine which was used for to pump water out of mine. James Watt developed Newcomen’s steam engine and it used in locomotives and ships (Western Civilization,348). Industrial revolution took place in England but not in China or the Islamic countries. The reasons behind it will be discussed in the next paragraphs. Newtonian science was very important for Industrial revolution and only England spread this science among its citizens. China or Islamic countries didn’t have control over the Newtonian science and they were not informed as England (Science, Institutions and the Industrial Revolution, p.16). Britain was advanced and they were technologically superior to the others. Institutions and universities were a lot in England. Laws were made by these institutions and inventor’s rights were protected by these laws. Therefore, inventors were encouraged by government. At the same time, universities raised engineers and technicians. Both of them prepare the ground for Industrial Revolution (Science, Institutions and the Industrial Revolution,p.13-14) In addition, Britain was rich in raw materials. It was easy to reach cotton, tobacco or sugar. Also England developed its transportation by iron. As a raw material iron was a lot in England and people used this iron to make railways, ships, etc. Transportation was very important for a revolution to occur (Science, Institutions and the Industrial Revolution,p.18). Also England had lots of mines and mines contain energy sources such as coal. Machines, steam engines, etc. needed source of energy to work. So England was very suitable for that. On the other hand, Chinese mines were spread all around the country and they weren’t close to each other, so it was hard and expensive to connect them and collect each raw material. Thus, Chinese didn’t use these sources. As it discussed in the above paragraphs Chinese transportation was bad. In addition to that Chinese stand point was different from British. Schools, institutions taught different things. Islam is a different religion than the other and it was not open to new inventions or new ideas in those years. Their strong beliefs avoid them to develop themselves in terms of science and they didn’t develop as much as England and Europe. In conclusion, I think industrial revolution changed the world and it had significant impacts on daily life. The technology and all the other stuff that we have today are here because of the industrial revolution. Because in today’s world everything, every product come out of factories. There are lots of rational reasons why the revolution occurred in England but not in China or Islamic countries. Marketing, technology and energy are the examples for the emergence in England. References: http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/287086/Industrial-Revolution http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Industrial_Revolution.html http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/coal_mines_industrial_revolution.htm Western Civilization, A brief history, 3rd edition,Perry, 344-362 C. Bekar and R. Lipsey, â€Å"Science, Institutions and the Industrial Revolution†, Department of Economics Discussion Papers, 2002, 1, 5, 7-8, 13-24.

SAP Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

SAP - Essay Example By using SAP solutions, organizations of all sizes -- including small and midsize enterprises -- can reduce costs, improve performance, and gain the agility to respond to changing business needs. Many of today's most profitable businesses run ERP solutions from SAP. Considering the significant investment in SAP ERP systems, along with the increasingly demanding and competitive business environment, organizations need to achieve return on the investment. SAP ERP solutions take businesses a long way toward standardizing -- bringing together interrelated business processes under a standard architecture that helps the enterprise become more efficient, productive and agile in response to changing business conditions. Within the enterprise, SAP ERP solutions do an excellent job of automating and integrating many aspects of business processes. SAP ERP has got extensive support for various business processes and can be molded according to individual requirements. SAP can be used with various databases at backend. Customizations in SAP can be done using their Net-Weaver software package designed to provide a graphical user interface to make customizations and also provides features to code the customizations required. Oracle applications provide business information for effective decision-making, enable an adaptive enterprise for optimal responsiveness, and offer a superior total ownership experience that drives profitability. Oracle is committed to providing the leading solutions for your industry, including banking, insurance, communications, life sciences, manufacturing, retail, public sector, and high tech. Oracle Applications, running on a foundation of Oracle technology, address the unique business needs and challenges of your industry. Oracle provides extra features of data mining, warehousing and CASE tools as supplementary packages to enhance the capabilities of the Oracle Applications and their ERP package. Oracle provides oracle or any other front end interface to be used with Oracle applications. Oracle provides its customers with an easy to use software packages with very little training and learning required. SAP vs Oracle Oracle E-Business Suite (Oracle) SAP R/3 (SAP) Does the General Ledger Module Support: 1 Multiple Currency Transactions Y Y 2 Foreign Language Y Y 3 Consolidations Y Y 4 Allocations Y Y 5 Statistical Accounts Y Y 6 E-Mail Financial Statements Y N 7 Scheduled Financial Statements Y N 8 GL Drill Down to Source Document Y Y 9 Financial Statement Drill down Y Y Does the Inventory Module Support: 10 Matrix Pricing Y Y 11 Serial Numbers Y Y 12 Multiple Bins Y Y 13 Lot Tracking Y Y 14 Multiple Warehouses Y Y 15 Pictures Y Y 16 Bar Code Tracking Y Y 17 Consignment Inventory Y Y 18 Shelf Life Tracking Y Y 19 Bill of Materials Processing Y Y 20 Exploding & Imploding Quantities Y Y Does the Project Costing Module Support: 21 Estimating Y Y 22 Time & Billing Y Y 23 Retainage Y Y 24 Job Phases Y Y 25 Resource Tracking Y Y 26 Critical Path Reporting N Y 27 PERT Charts N Y 28 A.I.A. Billing Y Y Do the Manufacturing Modules support: 29 A Product Configurator Y Y 30 Multi-level Bill of Materials Y Y 31 Production Planning N Y 32 Machine

The comprehensive management training program of NL&C Essay

The comprehensive management training program of NL&C - Essay Example TIMETABLE - a reasonable time period is important to be included in the management training program to check and evaluate status of the set programs and make the appropriate changes if necessary in order to meet the objectives. ORIENTATION - it is important to consider having a comprehensive orientation to all concerns to ensure its effectiveness. It is necessary to consider the availability of each person as well as the venue, date and time for the said meeting. DEVIATION FROM THE SET PROGRAM - It is important to consider that not all set programs work according to our expectations. It is best to anticipate for possible changes that can have significant effect in the training program and have a prepared countermeasure for these. SUGGESTIONS/COMMENTS FROM INVOLVED PERSONNEL - The said program will not be final unless there is confirmation from all the involved personnel. Consider the reactions, suggestions and comments of each personnel and be able to come up with a mutual decision for all. MANAGING MANAGEMENT TRAINING RESULTS - Various factors can affect in achieving the set training objective.

UN Sanction within Iraq post-gulf storm war, how they affected the Research Proposal

UN Sanction within Iraq post-gulf storm war, how they affected the people and how they provided perhaps breeding ground for terrorist ideology - Research Proposal Example The period in the history of Kuwait in which the country was a part of Basra’s Ottoman ‘vilayet’ was also being followed by the gulf war of 1990/ 1991. A series of political events led to the stage of the war that was fought between the contrived coalition forces of the United States of America and the military troops of the then ruling leader Saddam Hussein. The frontiers of the countries of Kuwait, Saudi Arab and Iraq were decided in the conference of Uqair in the year 1922 by the then high commissioner of the British controlled Indian Army, Sir Percy Cox, for the city of Mesopotamia. The commissioner resolved the constituents of the frontiers of the country, cutting through different series of ridiculous claims and arguments that seemed to be almost impossible for the period. This event was one of the contributors to prepare the stage for the Gulf war. Finally in the year 1930 the high commissioner of the British army in Baghdad passed the judgment of the encouragement of the absorption of Kuwait into the geographical boundary of Iraq gradually by the government of Britain. According to the British government and their representatives the sacrifice of a small and expandable state of Kuwait would not be a huge concern if there had been an existing demand by the struggle of powers of the then period. Kuwait depicted as an ‘oil well’ was being maintained by the United Nations serving as the proxy for the western world. The colonialism policy of the British government along with the imperialism strategy of the United States of America proved to be economic, provided the accommodation were mutually congenial for both, and for the protection of the hegemony of the western world in the fulfillment of the interest of democratic freedom over the natur al oil reserve of the Gulf countries. They were being buttressed by the feudalistic policies of the other regional countries. Previously the government of the United States of America was indifferent regarding Iraq’s conflict with Kuwait, evidence from the period of late nineties or the period of the beginning of the year 1991 showed the strategies of the American government were in favor of war against Iraq. The United States of America provided a positive signal to Iraq, for the invasion of Kuwait by the later. However they emphasized on the lack of commitment from their part in the supply of troops to back the invasion of Kuwait. There were quick moves on the part of the government of United States on the economical, military and political fronts during the period of the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq though no serious opposition was provided by United States on the country’s invasion. The result was too threatening for the government of Iraq. Saddam Hussein was named t he ‘new Hitler’ and ridiculed in Britain, apart from the United States and elsewhere. This led to the introduction of economic sanctions that were comprehensive under the auspices of the United Nations. (Simons, 1–3: Schmid, 3) This invasion of Kuwait by Iraq resulted in the providence of a sanction by the Security Council of United Nations, which imposed tremendous impact on the economy of the country and more devastatingly on the lives of the countrymen.   United Nation Sanction on Iraq   During the period of the invasion of Kuwait by Iraq under the governmental leadership of Saddam Hussein the sanctions were mainly applied by the United Nations to pressurize the government of Iraq, which would act as an indirect force to make them leave. The sanctions mainly and predominantly focused on

Motivating Employees Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Motivating Employees - Assignment Example For employees whose drives and needs are focused on satisfying lower order needs (physiological, social and security needs), extrinsic factors (money or compensation) could be the most effective motivators. However, for employees who crave for satisfying higher-order needs (self-actualization and fulfillment), intrinsic factors must be the most effective motivators of performance. The motivational theories that were evidently applied included Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, as well as Herzberg’s two factor model (Martires & Fule, 2004). By accurately identifying the level of needs, as well as the motivational (or hygiene) factors, employers are assisted in designing motivational programs that would keep employees productive, satisfied and motivated. Based on one’s personal and professional experiences and from the readings, one would recommend that employers need to accurately assess the needs and drives of employees to enable them to design motivational or incentive programs that match these needs. As disclosed, intrinsic and extrinsic factors (or hygiene and motivational factors) need to be incorporated in the job to make the tasks inherently interesting, challenging, satisfying, and rewarding. Ryan, R., & Deci, E. (2000). Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivations: Classic Definitions and New Directions. Retrieved December 28, 2014, from Contemporary Educational Psychology:

Population Growth Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Population Growth - Case Study Example It is also important in that it helps determine the dependency ratio. High population growth rate is usually a problem especially with limited resources in a society whereas low population growth rate is a problem in the society given that the society may face workforce shortages in the future. The paper discusses the population size of all US citizens as depicted by data from 1900 to 2000 census. Data used in this paper was retrieved from the US census database. The reason for selecting this data was because of availability of data online, the convenience of the data source and to show how a developed country manages its population size through its policies and also to determine the expected population size in the next census. US Census data was retrieved for the year 1900 to 2000 from the US census website. The following is an analysis of the data. From the year 1900 to 2000 the population increased by 205,628 thousand, the mean increase in population is for the ten year period from 1900 to 2000 is 20,563 thousand, the standard deviation of this increase in population 7064.3. We, therefore, expect that the population size will increase by 20563 thousand in 2010. The composition of the population is an important measure in a society given that it helps determine the dependency ratio. The following chart shows the composition of the population as at the 1990 census From the above chart, it is evident that the majority of individuals during the 1990 census were aged 15 to 34 years while only 21.06% were aged 55 years and above. Total workforce, therefore, was 57.4% and this means that approximately 42.6% of the population was dependent on the workforce. From the above chart, it is evident that the majority of the individuals in this year were aged between 35 and 54 years and only 21.06% were aged above 55 years.

Discussion Posts About Type II Diabetes And FASD Essay

Discussion Posts About Type II Diabetes And FASD - Essay Example Efficient diabetes management needs demanding and continual self-care procedures and behaviors in various areas. For instance, measuring and testing glucose level, diet control, information update about diabetes from library and insulin injection. The patients are expected to record all the results obtained. Text messaging makes it easy for patients to send the blood glucose results to their doctor on time and in response receive intervention feedback to support self-care management (Sarnikar, Bennett & Gaynor, 2013).Discussion two I agree with Katherine Johnson that the introduction of FASD topic in high school sex education is effective in lowering the number of babies born with the disorder. Effective strategies to minimize FASD comprise of comprehensive and early education about the hazards of alcohol intake during pregnancy. In order to minimize the number of babies born with FASD, prevention is the best alternative. Sex education programs provided in the private and public scho ols is a suitable venue to teach about FASD (Miller, Blumenthal & Chamberlain, 2015). Such a program can assist in implementing CHOICES, which is a program for women about selecting healthy behaviors to prevent alcohol-exposed pregnancies. The teenagers can access information that assists women to learn how to abstain from alcohol and use birth control techniques effectively. In addition, the youth will benefit from addiction rehabilitation and correctional settings (Hanson, Wilton, & Langland, 2015).

Environmental sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Environmental sustainability - Essay Example With a surplus of paper in the market of China, excess paper in Britain became very problematic (The Mail on Sunday 2009, 1). As stated by the representative of the Environment Agency: â€Å"We are expecting the market to bounce back in the next month or so. We want people to hold their nerve—we don’t have the space in landfill if people stop recycling. We can’t lose sight of that in the face of this temporary blip in the market† (The Mail on Sunday 2009, 1). Activists all over Britain have expressed anxiety over the tons of glut recycling mounting up on a national scale. This paper hence discusses the methods of recycling paper. The next section is a thorough review of literature about the increasing necessity and existing methods of recycling paper. The third section is a critical evaluation of the methods of recycling paper. The fourth section presents the possible future developments in paper recycling in the UK. And the last section wraps up the entir e discussion. Literature Review Paper recycling has become ever more imperative over the recent decades, especially for developed countries like the U.S. and the UK. The motivators for this change involve governmental and ecological factors. In paper production, the method of drying brings about structural alterations in the paper filaments, which lessens the consequent bonding capacity of the filaments and avoids rehydration (Limbachiya, Newlands & Dhir 2001). Enhanced purifying, while reviving the capacity to bond, has a negative impact on the looseness and capacity of the soft tissue to dry (Limbachiya et al. 2001). The review of literature below illustrates these concerns with paper recycling methods. An extensive review of literature on the features and functions of paper mill sediment was amassed. This is a vital issue because management of waste is important to paper mills. This issue is particularly important for paper mills where in derivative fibre is applied (McKinney 199 4). Methods of disposal, treatment, segregation, and contents of sediments have to be dealt with. A number of studies examined the contents of sediments stemming from the process of paper production and pulp and explored the similarities and differences between virgin filament and derivative filament methods (Limbachiya et al. 2001). The deposit from independent methods was described, suggesting the content of the different waste flows in the paper mill. Other methods of disposal were also reviewed in accordance with these features. The assumption of several studies was that the ultimate sediment use may be derived from its composition, leading to more productive application of the deposit. An analysis of the existing technology for fractionation of filament is also conducted by several studies (McKinney 1994). Available tools for processing of filament fractionation is explored alongside the qualities of collected paper that are regarded fit for fractionation. Due to the fact that filament fractions usually have uniquely different characteristics, they respond distinctly to the different processes like purifying or blanching (Rader 1995). Other studies discuss the features of the fractions, fractionation design, other

Contemporary Architectural Design and Property Development Essay

Contemporary Architectural Design and Property Development - Essay Example In general, a religion means a strict, unwritten code of essential rules (including morals and traditions) established by humans in order to control social life of their society. Vastu and Feng-Shui is a part of old traditions and culture of Chinese and Indian societies. In a time, they became popular in all Asian countries. Both of the concepts refer to the science of planning buildings, travelways, and graves such that they will get maximum benefits and minimum damage from the 'the cosmos'. More specifically, Feng-Shui addresses wind, water, and other natural forces. "Natural forces" in this case include good and bad luck, which are explicitly compared to wind. The idea of both approaches is that inhabitants of a well-sited home, or descendants of someone buried in a good gravesite, can expect wealth, sons, status, and security to flow to them. Rajgopal (2002) explains: The rebirth of Vastu Shastra parallels contemporary spiritual movements arising all over the world that seek to connect with a higher energy, draw closer to the mysteries of the universe, and contribute to a major paradigm shift (p. 33). However, focally, Vastu and Feng-Shui in... s a true folk science, as recognized by the first Western observer to comment extensively on it and by many Chinese and Westerners since Vastu and Feng-Shui also involve an emotional response to landscapes (Freeman, 2005). In India, excellent work is being done which shows not only that modem architecture can be given a worthy landscape setting, but also that it may soon be possible to find landscape architects who can deal imaginatively with the vast new opportunities created for them by modern town and country planning. But no large body of recognizably modern landscape architecture exists, and in only a few countries is there a strong school of designers (Pegrum, 2000). In modern Asian (and Indian) architecture the two great motive forces of the modern movement are on the one hand the new opportunities being created by technical and social progress and on the other the new structural techniques. In landscape architecture new opportunities are certainly being created, but the technique of garden construction is still fundamentally the same as it was in the eighteenth century. "The three main principles of Veda are right orientation, right placement, and right proportion" (Rajgopal, 2002, p. 34). Even the invention of modern earth-moving machinery, which may seem revolutionary, has in fact merely accelerated and cheapened processes which were used by old builders. Rajgopal (2002) explains that: The reason for da Gama's consternation was that all buildings constructed in Kerala, regardless of the faith of their inhabitants, were built according to the principles of Vastu Shastra by takshagans-- skilled craftsmen-carpenters well versed in the ancient science (p. 34). Today, in Vastu and Feng-Shui, in spite of the advance of science and the discovery of new plants,

Political Systems in U.K and U.S Essay Example for Free

Political Systems in U.K and U.S Essay What are the similarities and differences between the political systems in U. K and U. S? When the U. S. Constitution was being drafted, its writers had the British Parliamentary system to base on. The British system was the system they were used to and had learnt since childhood. However, because the monarchy was one of the main things that the former colonists had rebelled against, any form of monarchy and most forms of concentrated power were avoided. The most fundamental difference between the political system in the U. K and the U. S is the constitution. The United States has a written constitution which is very difficult to change. The UK does not have a single document called the constitution but instead its constitutional provisions are scattered over various Acts of Parliament, any of which can be changed by a simple majority in the Parliament. Similarities Both the U. S. and British political systems have a head of state, a court system and an upper and lower house. The U. S political system has a constitution which lays out the rules for government and the rights of the people, however, the U. K has documents with constitutional provisions which lay out the same rules. Both systems are democratic in nature, as governments are put in place and removed from power by the will of the people and both have systems of checks and balances to limit the power of any one branch. Head of State In the U. S. political system, the president is the official head of state. The president is elected under the electoral college system. In the U. K. , although the prime minister usually has the spotlight on political matters and is the official head of government, the queen or king is the official head of state. The queen officially signs off on acts of parliament and, just as the U. S. president delivers the State of the Union Address every year, the queen reads the Speech from the Throne, which is written by the prime minister. In U. K, the monarch is more of a ceremonial figurehead and it is unusual for any member of the royal family to directly interfere with the political process. The Upper House The United States has a Senate as the upper house of the legislative branch and the U. K. has the House of Lords. Under the U. S. ystem, each state, regardless of size, has two senators. Originally, senators were appointed by the governor of the state they represented but they are now elected to serve six-year terms. The House of Lords is very different. Members of the House of Lords are not elected. The 792 members of the House of Lords are members by inheritance, appointment or their rank in the Church of England; they are not elected and cannot be removed by vote. This part of the political system in the U. K is not democratic. Otherwise the House of Lords serve the same purpose as the U. S. Senate. They discuss, debate and vote on legislation passed by the lower house of the legislative branch. The Lower House The U. S. House of Representatives and the British House of Commons have a great deal in common. Each house is made up of representatives elected by the people. In both systems control of the lower house goes to the party that has the most seats. Under the U. K. system, the leader of the party with the most seats becomes the Prime Minister and the official head of the government. Under the U. S. system this person would be the Speaker of the House. One other key difference is elections. Under the parliamentary system, the prime minister can go to the crown at any point and ask to dissolve Parliament. If this is done an election is called. An election can also be called if the prime minister loses the confidence of the house. This means that the prime minister lost a vote in Parliament on a matter of confidence. Matters of confidence are usually over budgetary matters. If the prime minister loses a vote of confidence, the end result is an election Other political differences. The American general election lasts almost two years, starting with the declaration of candidates for the primaries. The British general election lasts around four weeks. In the United States, no Cabinet member is allowed to be a member of the Congress because of the strict theory of the separation of the powers. In Britain, every Government Minister must be a member of one of the two Houses of Parliament and, if he or she is not already in the Parliament, he or she is made a peer. The constitutional system in the UK involves a lot of custom and practice, and much more flexibility than the US system. For example, the timing of US presidential elections is fixed. In the UK, it is essentially the Prime Ministers choice as to when elections are to be held, up to the 5 year limit. The resignation of a president in the US would have to lead either to an election or to his vice president taking up the office. In the UK, the resignation of a prime minister will lead to the party choosing a new leader, but there is no technically requiring this, the Queen is technically free to choose whoever she wishes.

The Minimum Wage Debate Essay Example for Free

The Minimum Wage Debate Essay Minimum wage laws set legal minimums for the hourly wage paid to certain groups of workers (Gorman). Minimum wage laws were invented in Australia and New Zealand with the purpose of guaranteeing a minimum standard of living for unskilled workers. In the United States, workers are generally entitled to be paid no less than the statutory minimum wage. In the United States, amendments to the Fair Labor Standards Act have increased the federal minimum wage from $.25 in 1938 to $7.25 in 2013. Some states and municipalities have set minimum wage levels higher than the federal level, with the highest state minimum wage being . 19 per hour in Washington State as of 2013 (Wikipedia). President Barack Obama’s call for increasing the minimum wage during his State of the Union address has renewed debate among policy experts, politicians and economists, who argue that if enacted the proposal could either drive up unemployment or create more stability for America’s poor. President Obama wants to increase the minimum wage from its current $7.25 to $9.00 an hour, which he said would reduce the number of people in America who work full time but who live in poverty. President Obama states â€Å"this single step would raise the incomes of millions of working families; it could mean the difference between groceries or the food bank; rent or eviction; scraping by or finally getting ahead. For businesses across the country, it would mean customers with more money in their pockets† (White, 2013). This paper will examine President Obama’s proposal to increase the minimum wage by evaluating the history of the minimum wage, the people affected by the minimum wage, the economic way of thinking, and the writer’s perspective of the debate. In conclusion, this paper will provide an alternative to President Obama’s call for an increase in the minimum wage. - The Minimum Wage The minimum wage has a strong social appeal, rooted in concern about the ability of markets to provide income equity for the least able members of the work force. The obvious solution to this concern is to redefine the wage structure politically to achieve a socially preferable distribution of income. Thus, minimum wage laws have usually been judged against the criterion reducing poverty (Wikipedia). Minimum wage laws were also proposed as way to control the increase the spread of sweat shops in manufacturing industries. Sweat shops employed large number of women and young workers, paying them substandard wages. The sweatshop owners were thought to have unfair bargaining power over their workers, and a minimum wage was proposed as a means to make them pay their workers fairly. Eventually, the focus changed to helping people, become more self-sufficient. Today, minimum wage laws affect workers in most low-paid fields of employment (Wikipedia, 2013). There is great disagreement as to whether the minimum wage is effective in attaining its goals. From the time of their introduction, minimum wage laws have been controversial politically, and have received much less support from economists than from the general public. Despite decades of experience and economic research, debates about the costs and benefits of minimum wages continue today. - Literature Review Researching the minimum wage resulted in an abundance of scholarly reviews as well as opinionated news articles which provided the pros and cons of the minimum wage increase proposed by President Obama in his State of Union Address. David Neumark and William Wascher evaluates the effects of the â€Å"Minimum Wage and Employment† states there is a wide range of existing estimates and, accordingly, a lack of consensus about the overall effects on low-wage employment of an increase in the minimum wage. However, the oft-stated assertion that recent research fails to support the traditional review that the minimum wage reduces the employment of low-wage employment of low-wage employment is clearly incorrect. They characterize economist in the debate as those economists who claimed the low-wage labor market at the time as â€Å"marginalists† and those who claimed that it was not as â€Å"institutionalists† (Wascher, 2006). Their findings resulted in studies that provide evidence of positive employment effects of minimum wage, especially from those studies that focus on the broader groups (rather than a narrow industry) for which the competitive model predicts disemployment effects. They also found that studies that focus on the least-skilled groups provide relatively overwhelming evidence of stronger disemployment effects for these groups. Also, John Schmitt reviews evidence on eleven possible adjustments to minimum-wage increases that may help to explain why the measured employment effects are so consistently small. He states that the most important channels of adjustment are: reductions in labor turnover; improvements in organizational efficiency; reductions in wages of higher earners; and small price increases. His report found that little or no employment response to modest increase in the minimum wage and evidence on a range of possible adjustments to minimum-wage increases that may help to explain why the measured employment effects are so consistently small (Schmitt, 2013). As mentioned, online articles from Newsweek, Wikipedia, and Deseret News provided background information as well as opinions that determined the direction in which the writers would approach in this paper. - The people affected by the Minimum Wage Minimum wage workers tend to be young. Although workers under age 25 represented only about one-fifth of hourly paid workers, they made up half of those paid the federal minimum wage or less. Among employed teenagers paid by the hour, about 21 percent earned the minimum wage or less, compared with about 3 percent of workers age 25 and over (See Table I). About 6 percent of women paid hourly rates had wages at or below the prevailing federal minimum, compared with about 3 percent of men. (Of minimum wage earners overall, 67 percent are women, and 33 percent are men). The percentage of workers earning the minimum wage did not vary much across the major race and ethnicity groups. About 5 percent of white, black, and Hispanic hourly-paid workers earned the federal minimum wage or less. Among Asian hourly paid workers, about3 percent earned the minimum wage or less. Among hourly paid workers age 16 and over, about 10 percent of those who had less than a high school diploma earned the federal minimum wage or less, compared with about 4 percent of those who had a high school diploma (with no college) and about 2 percent of college graduates. Part-time workers (persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week) were more likely than their full-time counterparts to be paid the federal minimum wage or less (about 11 percent versus about 2 percent). About 7 in 10 workers earning the minimum wage or less in 2012 were employed in service occupations, mostly in food preparation and serving related jobs. Among the states, Mississippi, South Carolina, Tennes see and Oklahoma had the highest proportions of hourly-paid workers earning at or below the federal minimum wage (about 6 percent). The percentage of workers earning at or below the Federal minimum wage was lowest (1 percent or less) in Alaska, California and Oregon (Rampell, 2009). Table 1. Employed wage and salary workers paid hourly rates with earnings at or below the prevailing federal minimum wage by selected characteristics, 2012 annual averages| Characteristic| Number of workers (in thousands)| Percent distribution| Percent of workers paid hourly rates| | Total paid hourly rates| At or below minimum wage| Total paid hourly rates| At or below minimum wage| At or below minimum wage| | | Total| At minimum wage| Below minimum wage| | Total| At minimum wage| Below minimum wage| Total| At minimum wage| Below minimum wage| AGE AND SEX| | | | | | | | | | | | Total, 16 years and over| 75,276| 3,550| 1,566| 1,984| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 100.0| 4.7| 2.1| 2.6| 16 to 24 years| 14,909| 1,797| 862| 935| 19.8| 50.6| 55.0| 47.1| 12.1| 5.8| 6.3| 16 to 19 years| 4,044| 854| 484| 370| 5.4| 24.1| 30.9| 18.6| 21.1| 12.0| 9.1| 25 years and over| 60,367| 1,753| 704| 1,049| 80.2| 49.4| 45.0| 52.9| 2.9| 1.2| 1.7| Men, 16 years and over| 37,113| 1,263| 567| 696| 49.3| 35.6| 36.2| 35.1| 3.4| 1.5| 1.9| 16 to 24 years| 7,454| 673| 333| 340| 9.9| 19.0| 21.3| 17.1| 9.0| 4.5| 4.6| 16 to 19 years| 1,922| 366| 207| 159| 2.6| 10.3| 13.2| 8.0| 19.0| 10.8| 8.3| 25 years and over| 29,659| 591| 235| 356| 39.4| 16.6| 15.0| 17.9| 2.0| 0.8| 1.2| Women, 16 years and over| 38,163| 2,287| 999| 1,288| 50.7| 64.4| 63.8| 64.9| 6.0| 2.6| 3.4| 16 to 24 years| 7,455| 1,124| 529| 595| 9.9| 31.7| 33.8| 30.0| 15.1| 7.1| 8.0| 16 to 19 years| 2,122| 489| 278| 211| 2.8| 13.8| 17.8| 10.6| 23.0| 13.1| 9.9| 25 years and over| 30,708| 1,163| 470| 693| 40.8| 32.8| 30.0| 34.9| 3.8| 1.5| 2.3| RA CE AND HISPANIC OR LATINO ETHNICITY| | | | | | | | | | | | White (1)| 59,180| 2,760| 1,185| 1,575| 78.6| 77.7| 75.7| 79.4| 4.7| 2.0| 2.7| Men| 29,691| 984| 444| 540| 39.4| 27.7| 28.4| 27.2| 3.3| 1.5| 1.8| Women| 29,490| 1,776| 741| 1,035| 39.2| 50.0| 47.3| 52.2| 6.0| 2.5| 3.5| Black or African American (1)| 10,049| 533| 277| 256| 13.3| 15.0| 17.7| 12.9| 5.3| 2.8| 2.5| Men| 4,522| 183| 85| 98| 6.0| 5.2| 5.4| 4.9| 4.0| 1.9| 2.2| Women| 5,527| 350| 193| 157| 7.3| 9.9| 12.3| 7.9| 6.3| 3.5| 2.8| Asian (1)| 3,403| 117| 48| 69| 4.5| 3.3| 3.1| 3.5| 3.4| 1.4| 2.0| Men| 1,568| 39| 16| 23| 2.1| 1.1| 1.0| 1.2| 2.5| 1.0| 1.5| Women| 1,835| 78| 32| 46| 2.4| 2.2| 2.0| 2.3| 4.3| 1.7| 2.5| Hispanic or Latino (1)| 14,404| 718| 337| 381| 19.1| 20.2| 21.5| 19.2| 5.0| 2.3| 2.6| Men| 8,114| 295| 127| 168| 10.8| 8.3| 8.1| 8.5| 3.6| 1.6| 2.1| Women| 6,290| 423| 210| 213| 8.4| 11.9| 13.4| 10.7| 6.7| 3.3| 3.4| FULL- AND PART-TIME STATUS| | | | | | | | | | | | Full-time workers (2)| 54,745| 1,261| 501| 760| 72.7| 35.5| 32.0| 38.3| 2.3| 0.9| 1.4| Men| 30,052| 491| 197| 294| 39.9| 13.8| 12.6| 14.8| 1.6| 0.7| 1.0| Women| 24,693| 770| 304| 466| 32.8| 21.7| 19.4| 23.5| 3.1| 1.2| 1.9| Part-time workers (2)| 20,411| 2,286| 1,063| 1,223| 27.1| 64.4| 67.9| 61.6| 11.2| 5.2| 6.0| Men| 6,998| 772| 370| 402| 9.3| 21.7| 23.6| 20.3| 11.0| 5.3| 5.7| Women| 13,413| 1,513| 693| 820| 17.8| 42.6| 44.3| 41.3| 11.3| 5.2| 6.1| Footnotes: (1) Estimates for the above race groups (White, Black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race. (2) The distinction between full- and part-time workers is based on hours usually worked. These data will not sum to totals because full- or part-time status on the principal job is not identifiable for a small number of multiple jobholders. Full time is 35 hours or more per week; part time is less than 35 hours.| NOTE: Data exclude all self-employed persons whether or not their businesses are incorporated (U. S. D. o. Labor, 2013). - Economic Thinking When considering the debate about President Obama’s proposal to increase the minimum wage, it can be framed around select guideposts of economic thinking. The first guidepost that can be applied to the minimum wage debate is â€Å"beware of the secondary effects: economic actions often generate indirect as well as direct effects† (Gwartney, 2013). The direct, immediate effect of increasing the minimum wage is an intended one, but secondary effects, or unintended consequences also present themselves. The law of demand states that the quantity demanded will decrease as the price of the good increases, with all other variables holding steady at constant. In this case, according to the law of demand, an increase in the price of labor, the minimum wage, will cause a decrease in the amount of available positions in the job market. The higher minimum wage will draw more workers into the market, but simultaneously, the higher price of labor will cause employers to offer less employment opportunities for lower skilled workers. Opponents of this viewpoint argue that an increase in the minimum wage will have a more positive secondary effect: $18 billion injected into the economy, along with 100,000 new jobs by 2015, supporting economic growth (White, 2013). President Obama’s proposal to increase the minimum wage appeals to a moral sense; people prefer to see fairness in the job market when it comes to wages. The conservative side of the argument echoes the law of demand. The true test of an economic theory is its ability to accurately predict, another guidepost of economic thinking. The law of demand is a strong one, but considering the changes in other economic variables, it cannot be considered absolute. In New Jersey, the number of fast food jobs actually increased after an 18 percent increase in the minimum wage was instituted (White, 2013). - 2 Sides of the Debate (the writers’ perspective) Increases in the minimum wage have consistently fallen behind inflation, so that in real terms the minimum wage is substantially lower than it was in the 1960s. Meanwhile, worker productivity has doubled. If the current minimum wage seems low, raising it would cost jobs. But there’s evidence on that question. And while there are dissenters, the great preponderance of the evidence points to little if any negative effect of minimum wage increases on employment (Krugman, 2013). It is also important to understand how the minimum wage interacts with other policies aimed at helping lower-paid workers, in particular the earned-income tax credit. The tax credit is also good policy. But it has a well-known defect, some of its benefits end up flowing not to workers but to employers, in the form of lower wages. And guess what? An increase in the minimum wage helps correct this defect. It turns out that the tax credit and the minimum wage aren’t competing policies; they are complem entary policies that work best in tandem (Krugman, 2013). President Obama’s wage proposal is good economics. It is also good politics; a wage increase is supported by an overwhelming majority of voters. Yet G.O.P. leaders in Congress are opposed to any rise. Why? They say that they’re concerned about the people who might lose their jobs, never mind the evidence that this won’t actually happen. We will learn that an increase in wages will restore strength to the economy. We will see room that even more increases in wages will improve the economy. Social costs of labor will be better covered and the economy will work better. The US economy is a mature economy, and that means that labor needs to be paid more of the % of national income as real GDP increases. The real job creators are the bottom 90 percent, including those right at the bottom who would benefit from a minimum wageconsumers, those who spend nearly all of their income on real goods and services and hoard very little of it. And truth be told, without spending there are no sales; without sales there are no profits; without profits there is no demand for workers; without demand for workers there is no job creation; and without job creation there is no recovery. Overall raising the minimum would help some family live a little better and not stress as much with paying for food and utilities. It will help build a sense of pride and self-esteem†¦ after all is this not the land of opportunity (Krugman, 2013). The minimum wage makes it harder for unskilled workers to gain the labor market experience and on-the-job training that would raise their productivity and future pay. Unskilled workers are less attractive with a higher minimum wage because they produce less per hour and th eir hiring diverts more senior workers from revenue producing activities to training and supervision (Shemkus 2011). Firms will only invest in human capital if they expect to receive a return on their investment. Firms will not pay for general skills if workers are likely to leave before firms recoup their investment costs. The Bureau of Labor Statistics states that 69% of jobs started by workers age 18 to 24 last less than a year. Turnover is even higher for teen age workers. Young workers must therefore pay for the general (often informal) training they receive by accepting a lower wage (Shemkus, 2011). The good news is that once these workers have some experience and training they can command a higher wage. A higher minimum wage encourages firms to hire already trained and experienced workers, eliminates some opportunities for experience and training, and puts an even bigger burden on our vocational schools to train unskilled workers. The effects on employment rates would be exactly the opposite of those supporters foresee. A higher minimum wage, they claim, would be too heavy a burden on employers, especially small business owners. And those employers, in turn, would be unable to hire as many people an undesirable result when unemployment continues to hover at about 8 percent (Shemkus, 2011). When legislators raise the price of low and unskilled labor, it is usually low- and unskilled laborers who end up paying the price, increasing the minimum wage has not proven to be effective at lowering the poverty rate. Multiple studies have demonstrated little to no relationship between a higher minimum wage and reductions in poverty. So it looks like the minimum wage will probably be staying right where it is for some time to come (Shemkus, 2011). - Conclusion In conclusion, the writers’ personally support the President’s call to increase the minimum wage to $9 per hour. However, the writers’ must realistically look at both sides of the debate and recommend an alternative that will ease the minds of US citizens, politicians, and economists (on both sides of the debate). We recommend continuing to allow individual cities and states to mandate the minimum wage deemed necessary for the citizens of their jurisdiction. The Department of Labor states that there are 4 states that have a minimum wage set lower than the federal minimum wage and 19 states (plus DC) with minimum wage rates set higher than the federal minimum wage. There are 22 of the states that have a minimum wage requirement that is the same as the federal minimum wage requirement. The remaining states do not have an established minimum wage requirement (D. O. Labor, 2013). With this said, the Federal minimum wage law will always supersede state minimum wages w here the federal law minimum wage is greater than the state minimum wage. In those states where the state minimum wage is greater than the federal minimum wage, the state minimum wage prevails (D. O. Labor, 2013). This recommendation would protect the minimum wage employees in less than statutory minimum wage states, while granting the federal government a reprieve until the economy get back on its feet. Along the same line, the writers’ also recommend allowing states to regulate their citizen’s minimum wage, the minimum wage would be linked to a consumer price index. This linkage would increase the minimum wage each year. Currently, there are 10 states (AZ, CO, FL, MO, MT, NV, OH, OR, VT, and WA) which already have this recommendation in place (D. O. Labor, 2013). The economy in these states has not been affected by the increase each year. Employees earn enough to live on in their prospective state and the employer’s bottom line is not affected because their charges for products or services are also increased due to inflation. - References Gorman, Linda.). Minimum Wages. Retrieved April 4, 2013, 2013, from http://www.econlib.org/cgi-bin/printcee.pl Labor, Department Of. (2013). United States Department Of Labor, Wage and Hour Division. Retrieved April 30, 2013, from http://www.dol.gov/whd/minwage/america.htm Labor, United States Department of. (2013). Characteristics Of Minimum Wage Workers: 2012. Retrieved April 12, 2013, from http://www.bls.gov/cps/minwage2012.htm Rampell, Catherine. (2009). Who is affected by a higher minimum wage? Retrieved April 17, 2014, from http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/07/24/who-is-affected-by-todays-minimum-wage-hike/ Schmitt, John. (2013). Why Does the Mininmum Wage Have No Discernible Effect on Employment? (pp. 2-24): Center for Economic and Policy Research. Wascher, David Neumark and William. (2006). Minimum Wages And Employment: A Review Of Eveidence From the New Minimum Wage Research. National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER Working Paper No. 12663, 2-432. White, Mercedes. (20 13). The great minimum wage debate: how Obamas proposal to increase the minimum wage will impact the economy. Retrieved March 27, 2013, from http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865573603/The-great-minimum-wage-debate-how Wikipedia.). Minimum wage in the United States. Retrieved April 15, 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States Wikipedia. (2013). Minimum Wage. Retrieved April 14, 2013, 2013, from

Effects of advertising on sales

Effects of advertising on sales Effects of Advertising on Sales: A Methodological Critique There is a reliable relationship between advertising and sales, but one in which sales lead advertising rather than vice versa Hsu, Darrat and Zhong (2002). This review focuses on a limited number of articles following Hsu, Darrat and Zhong from major journals in advertising and marketings thant focus on advertising and sales relationship Danaher, Bomefrer and Dhar, 2008; Esteve and Requena, 2006; Frank, Bruce and Majumdar, 2007; Kim, 2005; Leache and Reekie, 1996; Newstead, Taylor and Kennedy, 2009; Taylor, Kennedy and Sharp, 2009; Yoo and Mandhachitra, 2003; Zhou, Zhou and Ouyang, 2003. The first fragment of the paper discuss about the methodological oreintation and in the second portion it focuses on the argument whether there is any effect of advertising on sales. Methodological Orientaions Hsu, Darrat and Zhong (2002) tried to empirically examine the Gallbaraithian Hypothesis that advertising aggregate demand to the changing industrial development and consequently stimulates sales. (2002, p.175). To do so, they have chosen three aggregate variables wrapping from period of 1948 to 1995. The variables they selected are aggregate advertising expenditures (A) obtained from the Direct Marketing Associations Statistical Fact Book; aggregate sales (S) measured by personal consumption expenditures and obtained from the SP/DRI Database; and personal disposable income (I) culled from various issues of the Statistical Abstracts of the United States (2002, p.178). They have tested two competing hypothesis simultaneously using three variable vector autoregressive modeling procedure, which indicates that they have gone through a deductive approach of study.   Their methodology indicates that it is an empirical, quantitative and positivist study. Newstead, Taylor,   Kennedy and Sharp (2009) together brings out the knowledge through two different approaches that if advertising is to be slaes effective in the liong trm, it must firs work in short term and advertising typically as a half-life of three to four weeks. The two approaches they used are aggregate-level analysis from experimental split cable test marketing environments and individual-level (2009, p.207). Single-Source pannel date for 40 years have been collected and analysed. For individual-level analysis. Their approachess indicates that they were more into qualitative and interpretivist approach. Esteve and Requena (2006) tires to examine the relationship between advertising and sales across the market segments of the UK car industry over the period of 1971-2001 (total of 31 observations). The tired to figure out whether there is long-run stable equilibrium relaionship or not. The relationship between advertising and sales were both expressed in logarithms, using cointegration techniques (2006, p.114) Despite the relative small sample size, they used the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) methods from stock and watson (1993) and following the methodology proposed by Shin (1994) (2006, p.118). They have also used the Model with Multiple structural Breaks to check whether the long-run advertising sales link is stable over time, proposed by Bai and Perron (1998, 2003a, 2003b). Few hypothesis were also st regarding the advertisment sales relationship which indicates that it is ia deductive approach and the methodlogy of the article suggested that it is a quantitative n positiv ist mode of study. Kim (2005)   investigate the advertising-sales relationship in the annual Lydia Pinkham data . Here the botstrap method is used as an alternative to the asympthotic method exclusively adopted by past studies. The orthogonalized impulse response analysis based on bivariate auto-regressive (AR) model is conducted (2005, p.348). Sample size of only 54 was   set   and the bootstrap method of Efron and Tibshirani (1993) was choosen. The articles doesnt discuss a proper methodolocial system which they have used, rather it is moreinto data details and estimation results. It is a quantitative and positivist aproach of study. Overall, this paper finds evidence of one-way causalty from advertising to sales. Zhou, Zhou and Ouyang (2005) further study the effect of short-term advertising on long-term sales of consumer durable and nondurables in China by cross-sectional times-series television advertising and sales data. This model is not only directional but also measures the quantitative magnitude of the persistence effect of specific variable (2005, p.47). Sales Data of 45 months from the retail stores were coverd.   Advertising data included television advertising expenditures covering all of the television channels in Shanghai (2005, p.48). This articles clearly outline the methodolgy and it is a quantitative positivist approach. (Bryman Bell, 2007)Yoo and Mandhachitra (2003) analysed the effects in a competitive setting. The longitudinal data on Scotch Whisky brands in thiland were choosen. The sample size was 90 and it was collected over a period of 7 hours 6 months. Sales data were obtained from the Excise Department of Thailand based on liquor taxes, and the monthly advertising spending data in print and broadcast media came from the AC Nielsen Media Monitoring Service and the Media Data Resources Inc. (2003, p.313) The SAS package was then used for analysis, and no serious multicollinearity was detected in the regression models. From the methodological system it is a quantitative positivist approach of study.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Leach and Reekie (1996) experimented on the relationship between sales and advertisement with petrol on the market share of brand . Market share of SASOL brand ws collected from their advertising agency   for eight years. The expenditure on advertising was collected from different conventional source of market research (1996, p.1082). with the hypothesis set before; advertising effect on sales; this indicates that it is a detuctive study and positivist quantitative study. Due to insufficient sales information there is a weakness in the study, though the article claims that it is not a such a deficiency.   Danaher, Bonfrer and Dhar (2008) further analysis the relationship of advertisiment and sales and took it into the next level by   including competitive advertising in their study. They have collected sales information from more than 80 grocery stores in a large marketi, in which information is collected by in-store scanner (2008, p.213). Danaher, bonfrer and Dhar specifically examine two categories; liquid laundry detergent and raisin bran cereals. This is because these items are considerd as the top most household product. Sales data from grocerry shops, advertising data from Arbitrons spot television commercial monitoring service and Broadcast Advertising Reports are taken(2008, p.217). For this study the research only considerd the Television adverisement data, which might lead to missconception because there are also other forms of media available for advertisement.   It is more into equation and statistical analysis which leads to quantitative research. Advertising Effect on Sales Hsu, Darrat and Zhong (2002) re-examine the Galbraithian hypothesis that advertising increases with disposible income and promotes sales, but the result for USA reject the Galbraithian hypothesis.   But unlike Chowdhurys bivrate results, their broader model suggest that there is a reliable relationship between advertising and sales. They also states that consumers view advertising as the companys way to conver confidence in their product. (2002, p.188). Whereas Newstead, Taylor,   Kennedy and Sharp found that advertisements work immediately and the strength of the effect verymuch influence the toal sales effect.   They also found an interesting point thet advertising exposure typically has a half life of three to four weeks (2009, p.210). Zhou, Zhou and Ouyang, concluded that longterm advertising have impacts on sales of consumer durable and nondurables. Yoo and Mandhachitra (2003) and Danaher, Bonfrer and Dhar (2008) both took it frther to competitive advertisment. Although a dvertisers have probably suspected that high levels of competitive interference reduce the effect of advertising on sales, until now, the magnitude of the reduction has not been quantified (2008, p. 222) their findings make contribution to three new areas of methodological, substantive and advertising practice. Esteve and Requena, (2006) observed substantial shift in the estimated coefficients of the long-run elasticity. In the last period, there was a notable rise in the long-run elasticity of advertising on sales. Leach and Reekie (1996) stated that sales are determined by past as well as current advertising expenditures, but that the cumulative effects of advertising lasts for months rather than years. Conclusion From most of the article it has been seen that they are positivistic, and quantitative research. It may be because to find out the relationship between Advertisement and sales, it requires statistical analysis. More or less every of the article concludes that advertising has effect on sales. Very few researches have been conducted regarding this area, which leaves opportunity for the potential researcher in this field. One of the other limitations of the study is the availability of data. It is hard to get the data based on the product category, and it is also that there are many types of advertisements available. Thus which advertisements actually affect the sales of the product is a question to be asked. As Hsu, Darrat and Zhong (2002, p.188) stated that from a broader model consistently suggest that there is a reliable relationship between advertising and sales, but one in which sales lead advertising rather than vice versa. Reference Bryman, A., Bell, E. (2007). Business Research Methods (Vol. 2). Oxford University Press. DANAHER, P. J., BONFRER, A., DHAR, S. (2008). The Effect of Competitive Advertising Interference on Sales for Packaged Goods. Journal of Marketing Research , XLV, 211-225. Esteve, V., Requena, F. (2006). A Cointegration Analysis of Car Advertising and Sales Data in the Presence of Structural Change. Int. J. of the Economics of Business , 13 (1), 111-128. Hsu, M. K., Darrat, A. F., Zhong, M., Abosedra, S. S. (2002). Does advertising stimulate sales or mainly deliver signals? A multivariate analysis. International Journal of Advertising , 175-195. Kim, H. J. (2005). Investigating the advertising-sales relationship in the Lydia Pinkham data: a bootstrap approach. Applied Economics (37), 347-354. LEACH, D. F., REEKIE, W. D. (1996). A natural experiment of the e ¤ ect of advertising on sales: the SASOL case. Applied Economics (28), 1081-1091. Newstead, K., Taylor, J., Kennedy, R., Sharp, B. (2009, June ). The Total Long-Term Sales Effects of Advertising: Lessons from Single Source. Journal of Advertising Research , 207-210. Yoo, B., Mandhachitra, R. (2003, September). Estimating Advertising Effects on Sales in a Competitive Setting. Journal of Advertising Research , 310-320. Zhou, N., Zhou, D., Ouyang, M. (2003). LONG-TERM EFFECTS OF TELEVISION ADVERTISING ON SALES OF CONSUMER DURABLES AND NONDURABLES. Journal of Advertising , 52 (2), 45-54. 7

The Drum and The charge Of The Light Brigade Essay -- English Literatu

English coursework: -The Drum And The charge Of The Light Brigade The Drum and the Charge of the Light Brigade were both wrote by very distinguished poets. John Scott who â€Å"The Drum† was a Quaker and he was opposed to all violence. He was born in 1730 and died in 1783. He once made a famous quote which shows how much he hates war and violence, "We never go to War, not because we fear death, but because we are neither wolves, nor tigers, nor dogs, but men, but Christians. Our God who ordered us to love our enemies and to suffer without complaint doubtless does not wish us to cross the seas and slay our brethren merely because certain red-coated murderers enrol the Citizens by making noises with two little sticks on stretched asses' hide.† Alfred Tennyson was born in 1809 and he died in 1892. The most famous poet of the Victorian age, he was a profound spokesman for the ideas and values of his times. In 1854 he wrote the poem â€Å"The Charge Of The Light Brigade.† Both poets’ use repetition to create imagery of what they are describing. Scott uses the word â€Å"parading ...

Walter Dean Myers’ Monster - Guilty Until Proven Innocent Essay

Walter Dean Myers’ Monster - Guilty Until Proven Innocent Monster is an example of what Patty Campbell would call a â€Å"landmark book.† Texts such as these â€Å"encourage readers to interact with the text and with one another by employing a variety of devices, among them ambiguity† (Campbell 1) Because it is told through the eyes of Steve himself, the plot can be difficult to decipher. It is ambiguous whether he is innocent or guilty of being involved with the crime. Steve learned to make things unpredictable from his film teacher Mr. Sawicki who teaches him, â€Å"If you make your film predictable, they’ll make up their minds about it long before it’s over† (19). Steve took his teacher’s advice and made this film script entirely unpredictable, even after it is over. His lawyer, O’Brien, says in her closing statement, â€Å"What can we trace as to the guilt or innocence of my client, Steve Harmon?† (245) This leaves the jury with an undoubtedly difficult decision, as well as the rea der, because there are clues to both guilt and innocence in Steve’s case. What we do know is that many people think Steve is guilty. One of the guards describes the case, â€Å"Six days – maybe seven. It’s a motion case. They go through the motions; then they lock them up† (14). The judicial system has many flaws, one of which being that they assume guilt before proof when it comes to people like Steve. The phrase â€Å"innocent until proven guilty† does not apply to cases like his. As prosecutor Petrocelli states in reference to people like Steve, â€Å"There are also monsters in our communities – people who are willing to steal and to kill, people who disregard the rights of others† (21). O’Brien succinctly sums this up for Steve, â€Å"You’re young, you’re Black, and you’re on ... ... to jail. He moved away, and the distance between us seemed to grow bigger and bigger† (280). The reader is left pondering the good character of Steve, the bad friends he spent time with, the doctoring of his testimony, and the information that Steve provided us hinting both at his guilt and at his innocence. We are comfortable with the fact that he has been let free, but has been warned. If he were involved in the crime, at least he may have learned his lesson through his time in prison and on trial. If he were not involved in the crime, at least he is free to start over and move on from the experience. Works Cited Campbell, Patty. â€Å"Radical Monster.† The Horn Book Magazine. Boston: Nov/Dec 1999. Vol. 75, Iss. 6; pg. 769. Dean Myers, Walter. Monster. New York: Harper Tempest, 1999. Kus, Jonathan. â€Å"Monster: A critical look from the outside.† April 13, 2004.

Examining the Madness of Hamlet Portrayed in Shakespeares Hamlet Essay

The theme of madness in Hamlet has been a widely popular topic in the discussion of the play by both critics and readers alike. It is quite simple to see the reason why, since the play confronts us with evidence to prove the validity of the claim to Hamlet’s true madness, or, rather, a view that the actions and words arising from the apparent madness, is but an feigned "antic disposition" as proclaimed by Hamlet himself. This uncertainty in my view, is the question that has bothered many readers of the play, since a dramatic device like this has it’s purpose. What that purpose is however, is not made clear because of the conflicting evidence of that can be found within the play that supports or contradicts each other. Some have even attributed this uncertainty as carelessness on Shakespeare’s part. My view however is that the unresolved tension these questions bring up, have a part in playing out the plot and also in showing the uncertainties of human nature. Mad ness in my view, is not an absolute concept. It’s occurrence varies with the situation, or for Hamlet, it varies in the degree he allows his emotions to carry him. The significance of madness in the plot can be seen on two levels. First, on the more superficial level of the plot itself, where madness on Hamlet’s part seeks to disarm his enemy, Claudius, in order that he may buy time to affirm the Ghost’s allegations. On a deeper level, this madness reflects the true nature of his deeper psychological self, and poses questions of his behavior. It is the fact of these two levels co-existing that brings about the ambiguity of Hamlet’s true nature, since both these ideas seem to contradict and even clash with one another. The first reason, that to disarm Claudius’s suspi... ...to help Hamlet, is faithful to father’s wishes and shares secrets with her brother. However, Hamlet’s deterioration, coupled with the wrath of his anger made to kill her father, upsets her to her breaking point. As poor Ophelia cannot see why her world changes suddenly with the stabbing of her father by her lover. It is too shocking, unlike Hamlet’s gradual process into deterioration, whose pivotal point was slower. That is why she plunges into a much deeper madness than Hamlet. Her brother, being far away in France is unable to do anything. Her loneliness thus compounds her sorrow further, leaving her no one to turn to. In conclusion, my answer to whether Hamlet is mad is thus; he was mad, but mad in a way that unlike Ophelia’s more conventional madness of the mind, was that of the heart. Hamlet’s madness came out of rage and emotion that bubbled silently within.

Great poets Essay

Geoffrey Chaucer is known as the father of Englsih poetry and is recognized as one of the world’s great poets. His life, work and writing reveal him as one of the most influential writes in Middle Age history. His poems and stories have flourished throughout history and are still recognized today. â€Å"Chaucer’s language is barely accessible to readers today and need frequent glossing to be intelligible. Nevertheless, Chaucer stands as a great poet, one of the finest of any era to write in English† (Hussey 152). â€Å"The known details of Chaucer’s life are sketchy at best† (Ross1). He was born in London to a wine merchant named John Chaucer sometime between 1340-1344. â€Å"We do not known exactly when he was born. At a trial in 1386 at which he was a witness, he confessed to be then ‘forty years old and more,’ so that it is usual to put his birth about 1453† (Hussey153). Chaucer was born into a middle class family where he received a superb education at one of London’s finest schools and probably studied law (Damrosch 272). Some of his influences in writing include Dante Alighieri and Boccaccio. The first known record of Chaucer is 1357 when he became a page in the household of Price Lionel. He later served under the army of Edward III in France where he was held for ransom and later released after his ransom was paid. This payment of ransom by Edward III shows just how important he had become to the king’s service at such a young age (Ross1). â€Å"Between the ages of about fifteen and twenty-three the mind has a special resilience-what we learn then seems to go deeper and stay longer. Chaucer spent these years learning the amenities of the noble life and the brutal arts of medieval warfare†¦ â€Å"(Howard 41). In 1369, he composed his first important poem, The Book of Duchess, in memory of his patron’s wife who died of the black plague. He began work on The Canterbury Tales, quite possibly his most famous work, about 1387 and wanted each of his pilgrimages to tell four tales. However he was only able to write twenty-three stories before his death. In 1366 Chaucer is believed to have married his wife Philippa after his father’s death and his mother’s remarriage. â€Å"Chaucer made an advantageous marriage, although he may already have been regarded as a coming young man (Hussey154). Geoffrey and his wife may have had up to four children, but the records of his family have little detail and are somewhat mysterious. The records do however show that these four people were relatives of Geoffrey and Philippa, but whether of not they were his children remains a mystery. In 1367, he was awarded the first of many recognitions for his service in the king’s court. On April 23, 1374, he was granted the promise of a daily pitcher of wine. He was appointed justice of the peace in Kent in 1385, and he later became a Parliament. Throughout the rest of his life he remained in the king’s service. On several he was sent all over as the king’s ambassador (Elements of Literature 1). Chaucer was a fairly important government servant. Although today he is thought of almost entirely for his poetry, back in the Middle Ages, his work was much more important than his writings (Elements of Literature 1). He had many jobs in the royal service including the comptroller of the customs for the port of London and an esquire to the royal court. He carried on many other governmental duties as well that proves his importance and dedication to the kings. Middle English is a form of English used in England from around the time of Norman conquest until around 1500. The main difference between Middle English and the English we use today is the pronunciation of long vowels. The short vowels are generally the same. The following chart helps understand the pronunciation of long vowels.

The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down

nett Paper The liven up Catches You and You F tout ensemble mass By Anne Fadiman Meghan Mal iy 26 April 2013 To understand the struggles that the Hmong pack face living in the States it is important to understand where they come from and what they harbor gone through. The majority of the Hmong people rise from the mountainous country of Laos. The mountains created isolation from the neighbor market-gardenings and cultivated a clan identity. They were interpreter of a society where everyone worked to exhausther and lived make the land. They in any case patternd oral custom duty since they could non read or preserve any language.Unfortunately, in the 1960s Laos became the orbit for the Vietnam War. The land was destroyed and the Hmong were forced to instill or fight. Many evacuated while umpteen were trained and armed by the U. S. as a secret guerrilla army. During this quantify of war, the Hmong lost entirely self-sufficiency, and became dependent on the U. S. for food as well as survival. An exodus of Hmong from Laos to Thailand was the death of many. The Hmong were hunted and forced to leave everything behind. The clan identity was unexpended behind as well for it was everyman for himself. Those that were well-heeled enough to make it to Thailand were faced with assimilation.The Hmong see assimilation as an insult and a threat to their culture. In order to resist oppression, the Hmong took the unit of measuremented States auspicate of land and regimen support, and moved to America. dormant resisting assimilation in the U. S. , the Hmong were faced with culture shock. One of the biggest differences betwixt Hmong culture and Ameri wad culture is the practice of medicine. Anne Fadiman in The Spirit Catches You and You Fall Down tells this clash as the story of Lia sightwind and her Ameri hobo doctors. Lia Lee is a Hmong child that was born in the U. S. n July 19, 1982, after her p arnts, Foua and Nao Kao Lee, moved to America. She was delivered at a hospital in Merced, calcium they way Americans think is normal-on a metallic element table, scissors to snip the placenta, washing the bollocks up with soap, and hurlting the baby in a heated box. Normal childbirth for the Hmong would be the mother pulling the baby away herself in silence on the dirty word floor of their hut and then bury the placenta under the house. The Hmong conceptualize that when you die your consciousness result come back to get your placenta. When Lia was three months old, her sister, Yer, slammed the front door in her face.Moments later Lias eyes turn over up, her arms flailed over her head, and she fainted. Lias p bents think that the noise of the door had been so frigh 10ing that her soul fled her bole and became lost. The resulting symptoms ar recognize as Quag dab Peg, The belief catches you and you fall down. Having Quag Dab Peg gives the person the power to cover things others can non see, and is a prerequisite for th e journey into the earth of the unseen. Quag Dab Peg is considered an keep and blessing in Hmong culture. It allows the person the hazard of becoming a txiv neeb, or warmheartedness healer.It also confers an enormous amount of amicable term in the community because the txiv neeb is seen as a person of high clean-living character since the spirit chose them. In Hmong culture, salve face is of high importance. Foua and Nao Kao Lee brought Lia to Merced corporation health check Center (MCMC) after she had 20 of what Americans call seizures. At measures, the Lees believed that Lias epilepsy wasnt as some(prenominal) of a health check problem as a gift. The Hmong believed in shamanistic animism, which asserts that malevolent spirits are constantly seeking human souls, specially those of vulnerable or unloved children.Their rely was that if the spirits decided to keep keep open of Lia, that long-term she would become a tvix neeb, and if she did not become a tvix neeb, then their intrust was that the disorder would be short-term. The American doctors in MCMC bewitch the Hmong as problematic patients and were not empathetic with the handed-down Hmong lifestyles. Because on that point are no interpreters, communication is al slipway an issue, they deal lots of family members with them as well as animals, and they make loud noises. When Foua and Nao Kao arrived at MCMC Lia had stop think and was coughing.The doctors were forced to as they put it practice veterinary medicine since they couldnt talk with the Lees, and treated Lia for her cough. They diagnosed Lia with early bronchiopneumonia because she exhibited those symptoms. The doctors had no way of get laiding that the bronchial over-crowding was caused by aspiration of saliva or vomit during her seizure without trying to take place with the Lees. The doctors put a pen and radical in front of the Lees and had them scribble on it. The doctors assumed the Lees would be able to pervert and administer the medications that the paper described in detail.In reality the Lees had no idea what they on the dot signed and walked out. This same situation happened a few more times until one time the Lees brought Lia in when she was still seizing and Dr. Dan Murphy was on shift. Dr. Murphy had or so knowledge of the Hmong and could certainly diagnose her with epilepsy. In Hmong-English dictionaries Quad Dab Peg translates to epilepsy. Lees parents and the American doctors both knew what disease she had moreover to various cultures it meant different things. As stated above, in Hmong culture it was a privilege and was caused by Lia losing her soul.In American culture, we believe epilepsy is caused by a sporadic malfunction of the brain payable to a head injury, tumor, infection, etc. We view it as a disease and that it requests to be taken care of by giving the person anticonvulsant drugs since there is no cure. This is just what Dr. Murphy did. Lia was execute with specif ic instructions on what medications to take, how ofttimes of each, and what time of day they were to be taken. Considering Hmong wear upont pass water the same time keeping system as Americans, cant read, dont know how to measure medicine, and dont believe in all this medication, Lia did not start out any medication.The Lees believed a txiv neeb could help Lia, so they had one come over and sacrificed a cow for her. It did not help and the American doctors continued to see Lia not acquire better when her parents kept bringing her to MCMC. The American doctors thought that because Lia had no levels of medication in her blood her parents were guilty of child abuse. If they would crap seen how much the Lees loved and cared for Lia at position they would have known this was not the case. Instead, they got the government involved and took Lia from the Lees and sent her to a promote dental plate.The Lees welcomed Lia home after a twelvemonth a case and lots of work with a social worker, Jeanine, whom was very interested in the Hmong and helped with administering the seizure medications. Hmong have many customs and folkways that are contradicted by those of the American mainstream and medical examination communities for example, upon Lias arrival home her parents sacrificed a cow to propitiate ancestors and cure her illness. They performed traditional Hmong medial practices like coin rubbing, pinching Lia, gave her an herbaceous plant necklace, and tried changing Lias differentiate so that the spirit would leave her body and not be able to vex her.On Nov. 25, 1986 not long after cosmos home, Lia had another(prenominal) seizure episode. After ten minutes had passed, Foua and Nao Kao got in touch with their nephew who could chatter enough English to get an ambulance. By calling for an ambulance Lia was given more forethought upon arrival in the emergency room, but it delayed her treatment. Lia continued to seize for ii hours and was barely breathing. A twenty-minute bout of office elipticus is considered life threatening. Lia was transferred to Fresno Intensive Care Unit for Pediatrics.Foua and Nao Kao thought that Lia was cosmos transferred because the doctor at MCMC was going on vacation, but in fact it was because Fresno had a pediatric unit. At Fresno Lia was diagnosed with septic shock, the result of a bacterial invasion of the circulatory system that triggers the mischance of one organ after another starting with the lungs and then pitiable to the brain. She also developed a condition in which her blood cannot clot. Lias EEG was flat. She had no brain activity left. The doctors decided to forego the anticonvulsants because she was dead to them.The doctors explained that her seizure medicines lowered her insubordinate system responses, which allowed a bacterium to take over and stop brain activity. Foua and Nao Kao were jolly right the doctors were giving too much medicine and not enough neeb. It is intimately likely though that if the Lees were still in Laos, Lia would have died before she was out of her infancy, from a prolonged bout of untreated status epilepticus. Foua and Nao Kao finally got permission to bring their female child home as they had been insisting the building block time. Lia went home on Dec. , 1986 as a quadriplegic, spastic, incontinent, incapable of purposeful movement, and in a persistent vegetative state. To Lias parents she went home as their little princess that they loved with all their heart. At home, Lias parents adored her and never left her side. They fed her teas from powdered grow and herbs, made several pig sacrifices, and bathed and refined her multiple times a day. Because of the prize care Lia was receiving, she was stable and her medical check-ups decreased. Lia did not die but did not recover.Examination of this ill-omened story of a clash of ii cultures has led to the discovery of what can be done to facilitate cooperation betwixt cultures. Dr. A rthur Kleinman from Harvard Medical School designed a series of eight questions to elicit a patients explanatory model and change the understanding of other cultures. The questions include What do you call the problem? Why do you think it started when it did? What kind of treatment do you think the patient should receive? What do you fear most about the sickness?If the doctors at MCMC had taken the time to find a translator and sit down with the Lees to ask these questions, Lia might not be in a vegetative state. another(prenominal) suggestions that could have aided in cooperation in the midst of the doctors and patients are female doctors for female patients, intimacy of the patients families in all decisions, the use of interpreters who are both multilingual and bicultural, and the practice of conjoint treatment. The doctor use Western allopathic medicine can cure the disease but the natal healer heals the illness. This strategy promotes trust between the cultures.One pers ons worldviews should not pretermit anothers because they feel it is right. We need to get ahead our view of reality is completely a view, not reality itself. In the U. S. , the medical community rarely has ways to communicate with people of cultures so radically different from mainstream American culture hitherto a good translator will find it difficult interpreting concepts between the two different cultures world-concepts. Doctors need to be able to transcend culture and practice cultural responsiveness where they listen to patients and react to them both as members of their cultures and as un-stereotyped individuals.A unharmed doctor-whole-patient approach is imperative Ask not what disease the person has but alternatively what person the disease has. I am glad to hear that we have been moving in this direction as an American culture since 1995. Medicine in the U. S has been teaching students to separate emotions from the patient disassociation is part of the job. In the last decade, efforts have been made to correct this way of thinking, and realize you are treating another human being not a universifiable body. Classes incorporating culture studies are being required as part of medical crop and undergraduate school curriculum as well.

The Effectiveness of Franklin Roosevelt

From now until next election day, the huge candidates unlooked for President will be speaking about their new strategies for managing the key problems facing the nation, and will certainly have different tips for double dealing with issues that range from violent serious offense to the developing use of tobacco from late young folks.Franklin Roosevelt created many different laws and agencies to reach his goals of relief, reform, logical and recovery. Roosevelt created the Social Security Act. The personal Social Security Act provided modest pensions, unemployment insurance, logical and financial assistance to handicapped, elderly, and dependent children.It was a central system that provided for the welfare of individuals in the new industrial act.Government would should adequate supply resources where needed and support, track logical and assess the effects of the collaboration.The Civilian Consercation Corps and the Works rapid Progress Administration were made to design new wor k programs unlooked for people and kept people from starving. It also helped citizens restore their self-respect that they she had lost during the hard years of the Great Depression. These federal agencies provided needed labor for public projects. For women, the depression made their position in the economy worse.

A solution was provided by them.Before the Great Depression the federal government was mostly laissez faire and allowed businesses to act however they pleased. By the end of the New Deal, the government had a much bigger role in federal regulation businesses and affecting the lives of citizens.Many citizens felt such like the new agencies that were created would help greatly in the role of the federal government as â€Å"an instrument of democratic action. † Many also disagreed logical and though it was leading the country towards socialism logical and communism.Although it isnt possible to quantify risk, it can be approximated.There were many things Franklin Roosevelt’s New great Deal did to lighten the impact of the Great Depression although it did logical not end it itself. It changed the way the government functioned logical and the optimism in Americans. It gave citizens little hope in overcoming hardships. Roosevelt built a dominant new political coalition, creating a democratic majority.

Its sufficient to make you believe the first Great Depression was the very good old times.Ross, Stewart. many Causes and Consequences of the Great Depression. Texas: Steck-Vaughn Company, 1998. Print.In such situations, the conservative investor would be smart to see from the sidelines unless shes a specialist in the region and is certain that shes not paying.com/long_divine_appap_7/23/5931/1518562. cw/index. dynamic html FDR’s New Deal Summary & Analysis. http://www.

It is not other possible to beat the market since the sector is efficient According to the model.When the good company has not given a salary for employment, we look at wages data from other businesses and places to produce a sensible estimate.Several must have lost hope of obtaining a secure occupation.Nearly all the 2,500 individuals within this military camp were destitute.

There arent any simple procedures to attain that.The only answer is they can not.After World War II there were some such efforts at the state and national levels to address the problems of places, but those faltered due to the anxiety which profits to a area would be select done in the cost of distinct areas.The authorities was altered by the New Deal.

Nature of Public Administration Essay

forward we talk many virtually the meaning, definition, nature, bena and sizeableness of worldly concern validation we pull up stakes turn in to chicane what is tribunal, constitution and focus. As these footing be frequently utilise interchangeably and synonymously, it is liable(p) to do the differences and distinctions amid these lead terms. fit in to William Schulze judgeship is the force, which lays subdue the reject for which an musical arrangement and its focal point be to endeavour and the free policies to a lower place which they are to operate.An face is a combine of the necessary gay beings, materials, tools, equipment and work space, appurtenances brought together in arrogant and trenchant co-relation to strive some sought after object. guidance is that which leads guides and directs an composition for the work of pre- fit(p) object. To roll the above in wide terms, system sets the goal, attention strives to relieve one self it and physical composition is the forge of the forethought for the science of the ends determined by the nerve. whatsoever scholars make believe a distinct appearlook about the validation and management. concord to slam Drucker management is associated with the furrow activity, which has to gift stinting performance, whereas administration is associated with the non lineage activities analogous activities of the Government. The another(prenominal)(a) absorb is that administration is associated with execute bout things in know settings in concurrence with authorized procedures, rules, and regulations.The management is associated with playacting melts bid jeopardy taking, dynamic, notional and modernistic functions. any(prenominal) scholars of exoteric presidentship are nearly associated with the initial opinion that is, administration is a deciding(prenominal) function. Management, on other submit is an executive function that is in the ma in implicated with carrying out the openhanded policies placed checkmate by the administration.