Blog Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Blog - Article Example Lead as a heavy metal has wide industrial and home uses before it was realized it is too toxic for some people. Men in general can tolerate higher levels of lead in their blood without a significant adverse physiological effect; however, women manifest lead poisoning in a different way due to their peculiar bone turnover periods of women such as during pregnancy and during the menopausal stages (Vahter, Akesson, Liden,Ceccatelli, & Berglund, 2007, p. 85). Besides in gender, lead also manifests differentially in susceptibility among young boys than young girls. First question: Why are boys more susceptible to lead in terms of neurotoxicity while in girls, the lead manifests itself through adverse immunotoxic effects in these girls? What could be the deeper explanation for this variation in susceptibility and their manifestations? Second question: What is the exact biomechanism process by which men become more susceptible to arsenic poisoning than women? As it is, biotransformation of arsenic by a process of methylation is different in men than in women, resulting in the men more vulnerable to its bad effects especially in adverse skin-related reactions. Women seem to be more tolerant of arsenic. Vahter, M., Akesson, A., Liden, C., Ceccatelli, S., & Berglund, M. (2007, May). Gender differences in the disposition and toxicity of metals. Abstract. Environmental Research, 104(1), 85-95. Retrieved November 2, 2014 from

Hockey Cross Country Comparison Essay Example for Free

Hockey Cross Country Comparison Essay Hockey and Cross country are two completely different sports in many aspects for example one is played on ice and is very physical and the other you are running on dry ground and all you do is run. But in many aspects these two sports have more in common than most people would think. These two sports in some aspects are polar opposes but having played them both I can say they are very similar. First off they both require extremely high levels of physical endurance and strength. Hockey requires you to have physical strength, quickness, and hand eye coordination. As cross country requires physical strength as well, but it also requires you to put your mind over your body, this means that no matter what kind of physical pain you may be in you have to block out the pain and keep running. Now most people think that cross country is not a team sport and only individuals run cross country right? Well they are very wrong cross country is just as much of a team sport as hockey. In cross country you rely on your team mates to place well in their race to score points just as a hockey player would in hockey. Both hockey and cross country require immense amounts of training. Hockey you have to train your hand eye coordination as well as having good vision and being physically strong. Cross country you must train your endurance you must have massive amounts of stamina as well as mental strength. Cross country you need a strong core and legs and stamina, but hockey requires you to be strong in every muscle group. Hockey is a physical sport that requires you to be able to block out pain after a big hit or a player takes a puck where they don’t have any padding.

The Olfactory Process and its Effect on Human Behavior :: Biology Essays Research Papers

The Olfactory Process and its Effect on Human Behavior Early childhood memories can be evoked by many triggers, of which one of the most powerful is a particular smell. A couple of years ago, I was unpacking boxes of Christmas decorations from the attic. One of the boxes contained old, partially melted candles that were to be put on the fireplace mantle and lit on Christmas Eve. Unrolling each uniquely fragrant candle from the yellowed newspaper, I suddenly had a vivid recollection of a childhood experience. I was between the ages of two and three, wandering through a candle store with my parents in the Greek section of Detroit, Michigan. I gazed wide-eyed at the seemingly endless shelves of wax figurines, reaching through the restraining arms of my father in attempts to feel their smooth contours. After slowly returning to reality, I realized that the smell of the candles being used to decorate for the holidays triggered my earliest memory of childhood. I thought about the memory frequently after that, and longed to return to the store to see if my physical presence there would evoke other memories. When I visited Detroit a few months ago, I was disappointed to discover that the store had long been out of business and only my new memory would remain. I found it somewhat disturbing that my earliest memory was of an insignificant retail store that would have no bearing on my adult life. Why did I not remember a more significant event, such as an early Christmas, or my second birthday? The answer is that the sense of smell, that is, olfaction, has a powerful command over many behaviors, including memory. Intrigued with this connection as an example of sensory input influencing behavior, it is my goal to examine the neurobiology of the olfaction process in humans and to investigate the ways in which odors elicit particular behaviors. For humans, olfaction is a primitive sense, whereas other mammals, birds and insects rely predominately on their sense of smell for survival. The approach of a charging bear would be recognized by a human within seconds of its attack, while a dog would have certainly caught his scent long before the human companion had any knowledge of the bear's presence. Although smell seems far less meaningful to humans, there is an important link between olfaction and behavior. For example, in my memory described above, the simple visual cues provided by the sight of any ordinary candle does not evoke my memory of the sweet smelling store.

Janet Fitch Essay

Over the years, Janet Fitch has enjoyed wider and more diverse audience. Her works were appreciated by critics, regular readers and even by celebrities. One of the popular followers of Janet Fitch is the celebrity television show host and philanthropist Oprah Winfrey who â€Å"fell in love† with Janet Fitch’s works particularly White Oleander, a story which, according to Oprah herself, is something that moved her (Oprah Talks to Janet Fitch 2). But the power of Fitch’s works is appreciated even by ordinary individuals. One of the very good examples illustrating this fact is the numerous comments among readers and prospective readers found in the Amazon. com section for Paint It Black. The readers/bloggers also pointed to the fact that the stories depict a certain high degree of realism in comparison of real life and the story. It was enveloped in a wide range of emotions (Hughes 4), a sense of closeness to real life that others describe as stories told by characters, the story and the characters both ring with authenticity (West 2); While other critics believe that the talent of Fitch involves the creation of characters which possess distinct and believable characteristics typical of an ordinary human individual (Ginsberg 4). Janet Fitch’s works is considered as praiseworthy and notable by many critics. One of the reasons why this is the case is because of how Janet Fitch’s works transcend the literary realm and impact real life. The lessons and realizations derived from her works are constructed in a design that maximizes and optimizes the ability of the works to touch the senses of the readers through Fitch’s discussion of life, death and finding life’s paths (not before losing the sense of direction first) in her works, particularly in the White Oleander and Paint It Black. An essential approach that Janet Fitch takes in tackling the issues of real human life, that makes her works and stories appreciated by the readers and touches the emotions of the readers, is her use of contemporary setting (or close to contemporary setting) and tackling about issues that almost every individual is vulnerable to suffer or is constantly suffering. The readers are more attached to the stories that Fitch paint. There are many cases that the aspect of life as tackled by Fitch through her character are issues that are seldom addressed by society and issues that many individuals are easily vulnerable to, wrapping it up around a very emotional life not just for the protagonist but also exposing the depth of the serious emotional vein found in other major and minor casts in her stories. For example, the â€Å"White Oleander† is a work that breaks off from the traditional feel good reading that gives readers an escape. Through the White Oleander, Fitch does not provide escape from reality as fairy tales do, but instead, remind the readers of the social problems and real life as reflected in White Oleander and its characters, a story described by Laura Miller as something that is â€Å"no fairytale (Miller 1). † The impact of the stories Janet Fitch wrote is centered largely on realizations which readers often can relate to, particularly during the realizations happening in the end or close to the end of the story. It is an aspect of Janet Fitch’s writing style and design which is considered by some readers as one of Fitch’s strengths as an effective writer (West 1). One of the prevailing realizations about life is how the characters eventually end up getting enough courage to face the past and the present. This was the case of Astrid in White Oleander and the case of Josie in Paint It Black (Hughes 3). But the lessons and realizations is not just facilitated by the aspects of life, of being alive and living. The instances of death also often touch a raw nerve among the readers who are affected by the works. Death, especially the death of someone special or important to one’s life, is something that everyone experienced or will soon experience. Fitch has effectively painted the emotions engulfing the person during the time of death, like the anguish Astrid felt after the death of Claire Richards in White Oleander. Depiction of death-related emotions in Paint It Black involving the suicide of Michael and the impact it has on the state of emotional and mental stability of Josie immediately after the tragedy. It is an analogy of powerful emotions including anger and dislocation something considered as beautifully described by Fitch (Campbell 3). There are also other subplots and aspects of the stories Fitch creates that are constantly present like drug addiction and sex, issues that face many individuals today. It can be one of the linchpins that allows readers to relate to the story and to the main characters, like Astrid in White Oleander and Josie in Paint it Black, who tried to cope with emotional problems through alcohol and drugs (Boulter 1). It is the same predicament of Astrid and the same predicament of many individuals in today’s life. The greatest source of emotional impact that readers can easily detect and relate to is the presence of significant mother-daughter relations as well as problems (Oktay 256) and the strong role of family in the stories written by Fitch, and with focus as well to the narcissistic tendencies of mothers both in White Oleander and in Paint it Black (Valby 1). It was revealed in the musings of the lead characters like when Astrid noted how her mother â€Å"was not herself in the time of the Santa Anas (Fitch 1),† noting the central role of the mother in the daughter’s life, not just in White Oleander but also in Paint It Black. In White Oleander, the struggle of Astrid in her emotionally unstable relationship with her mother Ingrid, who she still loved in the end, despite how Ingrid treated her when she was young, provides many instances that many mother-daughter relationships experience. Astrid’s journey around several foster homes and the perpetual need to be loved, accepted and taken care of is also a perennial emotional issue many individuals struggle with openly or in their own private recluse. A more distorted or more complex mother-daughter relationship is found in Paint It Black (Campbell 4). In these two stories, several roles of the mother and the daughter and several different situations allow readers to pick points wherein they can relate to, allowing Fitch’s fanbase to grow because of this sense of attachment to the characters/story/predicament presented in Fitch’s works. In a way, it makes Fitch a catalyst or even a channel for individuals to find someone (even fictional) that they can relate to and share similar experiences with, in the hope that the later realizations can assist the readers towards certain realizations and closures in their own personal lives and in their own personal struggles, challenges and problems. There is no doubt that in the analysis of what critics, observers, analysts and even the ordinary individual reader, Janet Fitch is a writer above average. This is because of what she wrote, how she wrote it, how she developed characters, and how these characters and stories have the power to influence the emotions of the readers as it reflected real life, real death-related issues and the process and journey towards self discovery and the unfolding of the path for the individual despite what the characters have undergone in the story, despite Josie â€Å"couldn’t settle anywhere (Fitch 8). † It is, in its own way, inspiring the readers and empowering them towards inward personal values that can make them better individuals and cope better with their own personal challenges like how the characters of Fitch did in the stories, doing in a manner considered as masterful storytelling. Boulter describes Paint It Black as â€Å"well written† (Boutler 4). Ginsberg believed that Fitch was able to make an â€Å"indelible literary mark† because of her opus White Oleander (Gindsberg 1). Farr discussed in the book about the personal connections the reader has on the different aspects of White Oleander like story and characters and how these affected them and how they reacted to it (Farr 105). Works Cited Boulter, Maryann. â€Å"Paint It Black – Janet Fitch. † Nightsandweekends. com. 2006. 16 May 2009 . Campbell, Karen. â€Å"’Paint It Black’ is a compelling tale of suicide, memory, and perception. Boston Globe. † Globe Newspaper Company. 18 September 2006. 16 May 2009 . De Turenne, Veronique. â€Å"’White Oleander’ Author Returns with ‘Paint It Black’. † NPR. 4 October 2006. 16 May 2009

Maritime Domain Awareness

SYNOPSIS FOR PAPER 3 ON MARITIME DOMAIN AWARENESS AS A VEHICLE FOR EFFECTIVE NIGERIAN NAVY OPERATIONS GUEST LECTURER:Rear Admiral FD Akpan (Rtd) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. This paper discussed the concept of Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) in the strategic dimension involving the security and safety of the maritime environment. It further stressed that safety and security of the maritime environment are critical for national security and economic wellbeing of any nation. While it highlighted the prospects of Nigeria’s littoral, the paper was quick to enumerate that there was need to present effective patrols, improve maritime security and provide a conducive environment within the maritime domain for enhanced commercial activities and foster the development of Nigeria. 2. The prospect of Nigeria’s maritime domain is enormous due to the presence of huge mineral deposit; however, the paper highlighted some threats to Nigeria’s adequate utilisation of the domain. These threats include nation state threat, terrorism, trans-national criminals, pirates, environment pollution and illegal immigration. Of interest to the presenter was the loss of revenue, employment opportunity and environmental degradation as a result of these threats to Nigeria’s maritime domain. The paper stressed the need for the NN to imbibe the tenets of maritime awareness by acquiring critical response architecture for effective naval operation. Some strategies proposed by the paper to address these threats include the preservation of the freedom of the seas/waterways through effective presence, facilitating and defending commerce and facilitating the movement of desirable goods and people, while screening out dangerous people and goods. 3. The paper enumerated the ISPS code and Safety of Lives at Sea (SOLAS) as some international instruments for enhancing MDA. However, there was need to fuse information and intelligence between government agencies and private ector because sharing of common data bases has been identified as one of the key to the development of an effective MDA. In line with this development, the paper stressed the need for Nigeria to implement the provisions of these instruments as proposed in the code as soon as possible to meet international standards and practice. 4. Building capacity for MDA as posited in the paper could be enhanced through a bill and an enabling act, because the bill would seek to prov ide the national structures, roles and the various guide lines towards the actualisation of the instruments of the conventions on MDA. Though the maritime security Bill is before the national assembly, the paper suggested the partnering of the NN with other key stakeholders in making inputs. However, due to the inhibitive cost of MDA programmes which would cause strains in planning regimes, there is need to utilize the provision for partnership to build enviable capacities for MDA within the International Maritime Organisation (IMO) and other well advanced countries. As part of measures to build capacity towards effective naval operation through MDA, the NN would need to acquire some infrastructure to facilitate the monitoring of vessels that enter Nigeria’s maritime domain. These infrastructures include Port Vessel Traffic Management Information System (VTMIS), coastal VTMIS, Automated Identification System (AIS), Long Range Identification and Tracking (LRIT) and Radio, Radar and Telecommunication system. 5. The strategic approach adopted in the paper for MDA involves consistent domestic and partner-initiated programmes, as well as significant regional collaboration given the trans-national character of most threats and vulnerabilities. Hence the proposal in the paper is a strategy incorporating regional and global realities. However, to achieve the appropriate MDA, understanding the implications of threats would help stakeholders and government to better appreciate their respective roles. 6. The paper was also of the view that while the NN within its premises could provide the wherewithal to educate her personnel on the tenets of the code, the government must compliment the efforts of the NN with the acquisition of the right size and type of ships and platforms. Also, it was opined in the paper that in the short term timeline for the NN to provide the adequate response as required in the MDA strategy, the Forward Operational Bases would have to be developed appropriately to meet the demands of MDA. The development would involve construction of jetties; logistics support facilities and other infrastructures to support helicopters operation. While the long term suggestion in the paper was the phased refit of NN warships. The paper was of the view that the losses to the government could be reduced if the funds for the refit and acquisition of NN ships were provided. However, the paper stressed that the personnel are the greatest assets towards the realisation of effective MDA. Consequently, there was need for the NN to appropriate the right skills towards the management of the equipment required to actualise the regime. VERBATIM REPORT OF INTERACTIVE SESSION 7. The discussion session was conducted by the following resource persons: a. V/Adm J Ayinla (Rtd)-Moderator b. R/Adm OS Ibrahim-Discussant c. R/Adm J Kpokpogri-Discussant d. AVM Atawodei-Discussant e. Cdre IE Ibas-Discussant MODERATOR’ OPENING REMARKS 8. The moderator commended the presenter for doing justice to the topic. He stressed that maritime domain has been given several definitions, but most of the definitions had missed out one part of the definition. According to him the earth spherical and 70 per cent of it is covered by water. He further stressed that the underwater aspect of maritime domain has always been ignored. He then posited that discussants should pay adequate attention to the underwater aspect of the maritime domain. He stated that vision 20 started in 1979. However, timeliness had been a problem in the NN. He posited that NN had continued from where it was in 1979, the NN could have gone far. CDRE IE IBAS 9. The first discussant was Cdre IE Ibas. He thanked the CNS for giving him the opportunity to comment on the presentation. He acknowledged that the presentation was comprehensive, apt and the definitions of the variables of Maritime Domain Awareness (MDA) suited the theme of the conference. He stated that the presenter understood the goal of MDA as the early identification of threats at sea. According to him, the United States was the frontline proponent of the concept of MDA at all levels with the vision of multi layer domain picture involving identifying picture and observing known pattern of vessel movement in the MDA. 0. The discussant stressed the need for Nigeria to pursue an aggressive maritime domain culture. He further highlighted that Nigeria needs MDA in order to achieve 20:2020. The discussant emphasized that the SWOT analysis of the presentation gave an expose of the maritime environment. It was highlighted that MDA must go beyond platform sensors, consequently automated d etection system could be the basis for MDA as they could be employed for activities at sea. According to the discussant, the threats of terrorism are not as potent as militancy in Nigeria. Therefore, according to the presentation, all efforts could be geared towards addressing the potent threat of militancy. The militant attack on Atlas Cove was used for illustration. 11. The presentation also identified man as one of the key element in achieving MDA. However, the present attitude of personnel to attain MDA was stressed. The discussant enumerated the conditions that were prevalent in the 1980’s when the NN had been involved in arresting smugglers and pirates. The discussant stressed that the NN may not achieve the required rchitecture for MDA with the present behavioural attitude of the personnel. However, the discussant stressed that it was gratifying to note that the NN through the RMAC in the NN Base, Apapa through the installation of the Automatic Identification System (AIS) was making positive progress in MDA. He opined that the RMAC could be installed on NN helicopters. He was of the opinion that greater interaction was required between partners and stakeh olders. However, the challenge of inter agency and service rivalry would need to be overcomed in order to achieve MDA. R/ADM J KPOKPOGRI 12. The second discussant was R/Adm Kpokpogri. He thanked the CNS for finding him worthy to discuss this paper. He commended the presenter for a well delivered paper. The discussant stressed that he would look at the paper from one angle. He stated that the United States and the European nations started MDA. It was necessitated by the need to stop drugs trafficking and other illegal activities perpetrated at sea. 13. The importance of the NN is yet to be fully appreciated because the NN lacks the necessary platforms to cope with the present challenges. According to him, the NN needs new platforms in order to cope with the challenges. He stressed that it was alarming to note that about 80 per cent of ships operating in Nigeria’s water are not registered. Consequently, he posited that there was need for the NN to synergise with NIMASA and other maritime agencies such as DPR and NNPC on observation of certificate carried by vessels in our maritime environment in order to enhance efficiency. 14. According to the discussant, there was need for all involved in maritime security including retired senior officer to help the NN in repositioning her for the challenges. According to the discussant, Nigeria’s sub region is dominated by franco phone countries, consequently, he made some prayers for the NN to consider. The prayers made included the introduction of french language to enhance cooperation in the sub region, establishment of MDA watch in ENC and WNC and the need to involve foreign stake holders like the US and UK in perfecting MDA in Nigeria. R/ADM OS IBRAHIM 15. The third discussant was R/Adm OS Ibrahim and he stressed that he would look at the presentation based on 3 premises. The discussant highlighted his assumptions as: . It is upon the NN under the providence of God that the prosperity of the nation rest. b. Patrolling Nigeria’s EEZ is the only safe guard for control. c. Even if the money and resources required are made available today it will take a min of 5 days to achieve the much required state. 16. According to the discussant, MDA in line with vision 20:2020 would eradicate poverty, bring about peace and developmen t. He stressed that MDA could guarantee full security of the maritime domain, make waters safe and attractive for investment. He was of the view that the presenter was modest in his recommendations, however, he stressed that the presentation omitted logistics ship which was important for presence. 17. The discussant stressed that US mentioned capability gap in the regional maritime domain. To cover the gap, the US installed the RMAC in Nigeria. He further stressed that he was pursuing collaborative effort to enhance the utilisation of the RMAC. Consequently, the NN was able to organise a capability awareness discussion on the RMAC with representative from NPA and NIWA including the Director General of NIMASA. He was of the opinion that Nigeria’s maritime agencies would need to cooperate better in order to achieve the objectives of MDA. AVM ATAODE 18. AVM Ataode structured his discussion into 2 parts. He raised some observations which included: a. Was it the first time the NN was discussing MDA? b. He corrected the mistake on the deadline for compliance with ISPS code on para 25 from 21September to 31 July 2009. c. Why has Nigeria not passed its own bill as was done in Ghana. 19. He stressed that the focus for MDA would be on early detection by radars and radios. Consequently, he opined that the NN could set up a task force in determining NN capability on MDA. He stated that MDA could make the sea transparent and continuously available. According to the discussant, PICOMMS came about as a directive from IMO that all maritime nations should put in place a body to oversee the implementation of the ISPS code. He further enumerated that the government organisations were the ones defaulting in the implementation of the ISPS code, however, he stressed that 65 facilities have been declared compliant by the relevant authority. Most compliant facility was Niger dock while the least was the Atlas cove in Lagos. 20. He stated that the contract sum for COMMARAS was over bloated to the tune of 250 million euros, leading to the re-evaluation of the contract. He emphasised that PICOMMS was not meant to be a permanent establishment. According to him the COMMARAS was to be installed at 11 stations, with 93 personnel to man each radar stations. However, some of the locations of these radar station sites are uninhabited. PICOMMS has procured the DA 42 Opale Twin Star and King Air 350 aircraft. CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE FLOOR 21. Cdr Oluwagbamila. MDA is not an end in itself but a means to an end. Do we have a maritime security policy? Efforts of the government in achieving MDA were borne out of external influence. ISPS by IMO code and AIS by US, there was need to harmonise the 2, because both are meant to achieve the same goal. 22. R Adm Arogundade. MDA is a subset of the policing role of the NN. The absence of training in policing role has affected the capability of young officers from appreciating the recent challenges in policing functions. 23. Capt Carew (Rtd). PICOMMS primary duties is to coordinate international shipping and ports facility. The absence of a senior naval officer could act as an impediment to the functions of the agency. 24. R Adm Adedeji. Real MDA is what is happening at the national high command. Real Change has to come from the political masters. 25. Capt Okunbor. He suggested that papers presented in the CONSAC be forwarded to the national planning committee on the implementation of vision20:2020 as the NN repositions itself for development. 26. Sen Olajumoke. He stressed a point that his duty was to be present for the whole deliberations in order to tow the line of developmental needs of the NN. He noted Capt Carew’s suggestion. He had expected that someone would have reacted on the opinion of the first discussant. PRESENTER 27. The presenter agreed with Cdr Oluwagbamila in working out the terms for maritime strategy, he cited examples with the US. He stated that there was need for the NN to be in charge with issues bothering on maritime security. MODERATOR 28. In summarising the session, political will was needed from the national authority from where national aspiration derives all that needs to be done. He wanted to know the authority to deliver maritime security. He stressed that the national prosperity of Nigeria is dependent on sea power and NN. Also, he stressed that there was consider previous threat appreciation in order to re-align it. Failure of the NN could be hinged on inability to ensure deterrence. In this regard, he highlighted the absence of a compact force and capability of visual deterrence. He further stressed the sophistication of the militants in Nigeria was affecting capacity development for adequate MDA. 29. He enumerated that the budget for maintenance of ARADU was not enough to ensure 15 per cent availability of the ship. According to him there was need for the NN to come up with a plan to growth within a time frame say 2010, 2020 or 2030. Also, in his opinion, discussions bothering on ships could involve training considerations and motivations. These would ensure that the personnel are adequately motivated. The issue of 100 ships for the sub region was raised. He opined that, if Nigeria has to be relevant, Nigeria would have to provide at least 60 ships. In this regard, if Nigeria was to be among the 20 most developed economies, she was to develop her national and sea power. 30. Finally, he stated that the NN does not have the right platforms to counter the present threats in our maritime domain. He opined that the NN could realise effective naval operations through better inter-agency cooperation between the NN and PICOMMS, and also that the NN could rely more on force multipliers for early detection and countering of threats. POSERS FOR PAPER 3 1. How can the NN in collaboration with other stake holders in the maritime sector implement measures to achieve MDA? 2. How can the NN harness her FOBs for improved MDA? 3. How can a framework for setting up a dedicated body structure that would be responsible for coordinating MDA in Nigeria? 4. Identify the factors militating against effective MDA in Nigeria with a view to proffering solutions. 5. Based on an identified structure, does the NN need to pursue an act of parliament? 6. Is there an enabling act for effective MDA or are the existing terms good enough for an effective MDA? 7. Identify sources through which dedicated funding for MDA can be achieved outside government sources. 8. What strategies can be adopted by the NN in effectively combating identified threats so as to sustain effective NN operations? 9. Identify policies for implementing MDA and suggest ways of making them more effective. If none, suggest policies. 10. What infrastructures can be put in place to facilitate effective monitoring of vessels? 11. In what ways can partnership with the various stakeholders be harnessed towards achieving MDA? 12. In extending her influence to cover the Gulf of Guinea, what asset mix would the NN require to be effective? 13. What strategies can be adopted by the NN to ensure that personnel are adequately enlightened or trained on MDA? 14. In what areas should the NN key into or make input towards the proposed maritime security bill in order to ensure that the interests of the service are guarded?

Living in a Digital Nation essays

Living in a Digital Nation essays The United States and many other countries have now entered the digital age, an era where electronics, media, and the worldwide web are right at our fingertips anywhere and anytime that our hearts desire. Workplaces, schools, and households have now become more technology friendly and are assimilating into this fascinating age of discovery and innovation. According to Virginia Heffernan, a published author and writer for The New York Times, "65 percent of today's grade-school kids may end up doing work that hasn't been invented yet." Even children are being introduced to electronics and the Internet at a young age, which means the future holds a lot of promise. Technology has flourished and become apart of one's everyday life, and some might even say we abuse it because of our need to be constantly connected; however, it is a beneficial tool to have, and I have welcomed it into my life with open arms. It has allowed me to get my work done easily, helped me make connections, taught me realizations about myself. Also, technology and the Internet are here to stay, which has led me to the conclusion that they will greatly impact my future. Being part of the digital age has made work and business easier. For example, taking online classes is something I was recently introduced to over the summer, and my English course, being my third online class has made me see how a classroom can be brought into a digital setting. Classes offered online are very useful because sometimes a class' time conflicts with my schedule. I am able to do everything online, which leaves some sort of anonymity between my peers, which I like because I am able to state my opinion without fear of being judged in an actual classroom setting where everyone turns and looks at you when you have a contribution to make. Because of the Internet, people are able to get a vast amount of work done The Internet has come very far...

Research Paper on Intangible Assets including Goodwill

Research Paper on Intangible Assets including Goodwill IFRS versus GAAP: Assessing the Issue Major sources of investment capital have long favored greater harmony and transparency in global accounting standards (Ohlgart Ernst, 2011). While world accounting standards in the modern sense originated in the US, a divergence has occurred between GAAP criteria and the prevailing international accounting standards, currently represented by IFRS criteria. The latter are now in official use in 120 nations (Tyson, 2011, p. 27). In October 2002, FASB and IASB formalized the Norwalk Agreement, to converge in their accounting rules over time (Charron Moores, 2011; Tyson, 2011). Since then, both the major accounting associations and government regulators have moved toward convergence in accounting practices. In light of this development, this paper will look at whether to recommend that the SEC maintain GAAP criteria for firms that report in the US or move to IFRS criteria, especially concerning the issue of intangible assets. The Call for Convergence After the Enron and WorldCom accounting fiascos, which â€Å"culminated in huge financial losses and decimated capital markets worldwide,† there has been vociferous pressure, especially from European firms and auditing agencies, for the US to join the growing world community of accounting practice by moving away from GAAP and toward IFRS criteria (Tyson, 2011, p. 25). This assumes that globally standardized criteria would have improved transparency in financial reporting at Enron and WorldCom, raising awareness of irregularities earlier. Thus, some have argued that IFRS standards, which rely on principles more than rules, foment more professional judgment, which creates transparency (Tyson, 2011, p. 30). Admittedly, GAAP criteria are better at industry-specific detail, but there have also been arguments that they may encourage â€Å"financial engineering† (Tyson, 2011, p. 27). Nevertheless, credible academic sources find no evidence that IFRS standards are superior to G AAP criteria (Tyson, 2011, p. 30). Effect on Intangible Assets Henry, Lin, and Yang (2007) reported that intangible assets, including both goodwill and development costs (e.g., in research and development) play a central role in determining critical measures of value for â€Å"reconciling items for both net income and shareholders’ equity† (p. 710). Because the difference between GAAP and IFRS concern intangible assets more than any other area, especially in cases of mergers and acquisitions, this concern lies at the crux of the question of whether the US should move toward the IFRS model. Goodwill refers to the intangible benefit that comes from a company’s acquiring another firm at a cost that is less than its current fair-market price (Charron Moores, 2011). The key difference between GAAP and IFRS in measuring goodwill concerns how acquirers allocate this intangible value by unit in their own accounting structures. Under GAAP criteria, â€Å"the acquirer assigns goodwill to the various reporting units of the combined entity,† but under IFRS criteria, â€Å"goodwill is assigned to the various cash-generating units† (Charron Moores, 2011, p. 50). In fact, Henry, Lin, and Yang (2007) found that the largest differences between IFRS and GAAP in calculating shareholder equity related to goodwill. Moreover, between 2004 and 2006, pensions and goodwill have dominated disparities between GAAP and IFRS accounting, despite evidence of convergence over time (Henry, Lin, Yang, 2009).Shareholders’ equity under IFRS is lower than that reported under GAAP criteria, in most cases. Because the definition of control differs between GAAP and IFRS, some events qualify as mergers and acquisitions in one system but fall short of that definition in the other (Charron Moores, 2011). GAAP looks for a mathematical majority of shares to define having a controlling financial interest. In contrast, the IFRS looks at effective control, defining control as the â€Å"power to govern the financial and operating policies of an entity to obtain benefits from its activities† (Charron Moores, 2011, p. 48). This requires judgment. To discern this, analysts must judge whether interested shareholders can appoint executives, dissolve a business unit, appoints board members, exercise special voting rights, or alter bylaws (Charron Moores, 2011). Benefits of Convergence The principle of convergence, as one of multiple paths to US adoption of IFRS criteria, involves first cooperatively adjusting GAAP and IFRS criteria, and then permitting US firms to adopt IFRS practices at a point at which the latter â€Å"would be adopting IFRS almost automatically or be very close† (Ohlgart Ernst, 2011, p. 41). The advantages of convergence include making US-based sources of capital funding more competitive in capital global markets, lower expected costs of capital overall, greater financial-reporting efficiency for US-based multinational sources of capital and auditing firms, and more transparency for investors (Tyson, 2011). Henry, Lin, and Yang (2007) noted that â€Å"the greater confidence in financial reporting† from harmonizing global accounting reporting standards â€Å"translates into a lower cost of capital† (p. 710). The pursuit of convergence between GAAP and IFRS criteria is also likely to encourage more repatriation of foreign ea rnings by US corporations (Epstein Macy, 2011). Recommendations Ohlgart and Ernst (2011) predicted that the SEC would permit a minimum of five years for US corporations to make the transition to IFRS criteria, assuming that it ultimately adopts the convergence plan. For some companies, however, the main disadvantages of convergence have to do with the time necessary to make the transition, rather than any permanent loss of financial advantage. Nevertheless, many firms will also have to adapt to new reporting systems after years of developing internal ERPs that will be vexing to rework. As Ohlgart and Ernst (2011) noted, many firms’ accounting ERPs â€Å"are a conglomeration of disparate systems pieced together over the years that will either not support a massive change,† even if such a change promises to afford substantial efficiencies at some point in the future (p. 43). Nevertheless, two-thirds of Fortune 1000 firms already favor eventually full convergence (Tyson, 2011, p. 30). While international organizations and major audit firms support proceeding with the transition to IFRS in the United States, industrial interests are far more reticent (Tyson, 2011). Most cautious are the aerospace, financial-services, and public-utilities sectors (Tyson, 2011), which have come out strongly in favor of convergence as the optimal path to adoption, with sufficient time for GAAP criteria to align with IFRS standards. Major multinational firms headquartered in the US have voiced similar concerns to those of the foregoing industry sectors. Lastly, US-based trade associations and large investment firms have come out in agreement with US-based industrial interests. In consideration of the effect on the cost of capital and more generally the benefits of having a more transparent international-accounting system, the only reasonable recommendation is to follow the advice of the foregoing US-based industrial interests. However, given that the IFRS criteria are actually the eventual offspring of accounting standards first formed in the US, a better solution is a policy of condorsement (Ohlgart Ernst, 2011, p. 42). This is a combination of convergence and the additional qualification that the FASB exercise oversight over residual changes that need to occur in both GAAP and IFRS criteria. In this way, the product may be an optimal combination of rules-based criteria and principles-based criteria, which may thus permit greater objectivity and lesser subjectivity in the accounting rules that currently prevail in IFRS criteria alone. This way, there may be an opportunity to resolve the ambiguities associated with some IFRS criteria, while otherwise purs uing a semblance of convergence in the end.

Latin Lyrics for Christmas Carols

Latin Lyrics for Christmas Carols Singing Christmas carols in Latin is a fun way to celebrate the history of Christmas. Carols have their roots in the 13th century CE, based on secular songs that were popular then. Franciscan friars took the form and music of the pop songs and recast them with religious texts in Latin, for use in strictly religious contexts. Their function was as a type of religious propaganda, and many were sung specifically in holy processions.   By the middle of the 14th century, the texts had been translated into vernacular languages- Middle French and English–and they became secularized again by the 15th century, becoming carols, sung by people outside of religious ceremonies.   Over the subsequent centuries, the text was updated as the languages developed- for examples, as Middle English developed into Modern English- so when you sing a carol in Latin, you can show off your sense of history.  Here are a handful of the most well-known English carols in their Latin forms. Veni, Emmanuel (O Come, , O Come, Emmanuel)Veni, veni Emmanuel!Captivum solve Israel!Qui gemit in exilio,Privatus Dei Filio,Gaude, gaude, EmmanuelNascetur pro te, Israel.Veni, veni o oriens!Solare nos adveniens,Noctis depelle nebulas,Dirasque noctis tenebras.Gaude, gaude EmmanuelNascetur pro te, Israel.Veni, veni Adonai!Qui populo in SinaiLegem dedisti vertice,In Maiestate gloriae.Gaude, gaude EmmanuelNascetur pro te Israel. Regis olim urbe David (Once in Royal Davids City)Regis olim urbe David,Sub bovili misero,Mater posuit infantemIn praesaepi pro lecto:Mitis Maria mater;Iesus Christus is puer.De caelo ad nos descenditDeus, Dominus orbis;Ei tectum est bovileEt praesaepe pro cunis.Pauperum virum amatorSancte vixisti Salvator.Et puertiam per miramObservanter parebatVirgini eidem matri,Quae cum pepererat:Tentent et discipuliEsse similes ei.Nam exemplum ille nobis:Nostri crescebat instar;Parvus quondam, imbecillus,Flens et ridens nobis par,Perticeps tristitiaeIdem et laetitiae. Tandem illum nos cernemusEx amore aeterno:Puer enim ille parvusSummo regnat iam caelo,Atque eo nos ducitQuo et ipse praeiit.Nec in stabulo misello,Bubus prope stantibus,Tunc videbitur, sed celsus,Sedens Deo proximus:Comites tum coronatiCircumstabunt candidati. Adeste Fideles (O Come, All Ye Faithful)English Lyrics and history: Adeste Fideles Laeti triumphantesVenite, venite in BethlehemNatum videteRegem angelorumVenite adoremus, Venite adoremus,Venite adoremus, DominumCantet nunc ioChorus angelorumCantet nunc aula caelestiumGloria, gloriaIn excelsis DeoVenite adoremus, Venite adoremus,Venite adoremus, DominumErgo qui natusDie hodiernaJesu, tibi sit gloriaPatris aeterniVerbum caro factusVenite adoremus, Venite adoremus,Venite adoremus, Dominum Dormi, Jesu! The Virgins Cradle-Hymn Words by S. T. Coleridge, Sibylline Leaves, 1817 Dormi, Jesu! Mater ridetQuae tam dulcem somnum videt,Dormi, Jesu! blandule!Si non dormis, Mater plorat,Inter fila cantans orat,Blande, veni, somnule. Sleep, sweet babe! my cares beguiling:Mother sits beside thee smiling;Sleep, my darling, tenderly!If thou sleep not, mother mourneth,Singing as her wheel she turneth:Come, soft slumber, balmily! Source: The Hymns and Carols of Christmas Gloria in Excelsis Deo The refrain of the French Carol translated into English as Angels We Have Heard on High is in Latin - Gloria in Excelsis Deo. Heres one version of the English version of the carol from the same online source as the last. The translation from French to English is by Bishop James Chadwick (1813–1882): 1. Angels we have heard on highSweetly singing oer the plains,And the mountains in replyEchoing their joyous strains.RefrainGloria, in excelsis Deo!Gloria, in excelsis Deo! 2. Shepherds, why this jubilee? Why your joyous strains prolong?What the gladsome tidings beWhich inspire your heavenly song? Refrain 3. Come to Bethlehem and seeHim whose birth the angels sing;Come, adore on bended knee,Christ the Lord, the newborn King. Refrain 4. See Him in a manger laid,Whom the choirs of angels praise;Mary, Joseph, lend your aid,While our hearts in love we raise. Refrain Sources Anderson, Douglas. The Hymns and Carols of Christmas, 2002.Gibbs, Laura. Gaudete, Gaudete! Latin Christmas and Holiday Songs! LatinTeach, 2010. Rickert, Edith. Ancient-English Christmas Carols. Wildside Press, 1910.Reichl, Karl. The Middle English Carol. A Companion to the Middle English Lyric. Ed. Duncan, Thomas Gibson. Cambridge: Boydell Brewer, 2005. 150–70. Robbins, R. H. The Earliest Carols and the Franciscans. Modern Language Notes 53.4 (1938): 239–45. Robbins, Rossell Hope. Middle English Carols as Processional Hymns. Studies in Philology 56.4 (1959): 559–82.

OPERATIONS & FINANCIAL DECISION MANAGEMENT Essay

OPERATIONS & FINANCIAL DECISION MANAGEMENT - Essay Example 1. As per the abbreviated balance sheet dated 31.1.2006, the stock levels on 31/1/2007 was  £ 1382,592 as compared to  £ 1132,505 on 31/1/2006. Thus, there has been an increase of 22.08% over the previous year. Moreover, it is seen that the inventory components of stock in the company consists of many small items supplied by different manufacturers . Among these, items like envelope, envelope scoop, padded cover, inflator fans, basket, burners and cylinders form the main constituents of the finished product – the inflatable balloons. It is seen for these crucial stock items, there may be only one or two approved suppliers. Therefore, it needs to be ensured that delivery and quality aspects need to be strictly looked into, since the safety aspects of these air balloons cannot be compromised since it involves human safety and security. Moreover, if it is needed to change suppliers of crucial items, it become necessary to get recertified from the approval body for safety and security which may not be an easy task. Therefore, it is felt that given the fact that there are many sub assembly parts and components involved in the making of an air balloon, it is necessary to maintain a higher level of stock inventories. Lead time: The manufacture of hot air balloons involves a specialist task entailing maximum safety and standard control adherence, and nothing could be left a chance in the manufacture of hot air balloons. In the case of ordering being placed for resupply, the delivery may take time, depending upon the type of raw materials and the time required for reorders. For the supply of fabrics, the lead time may be around 8 weeks. Again, in the case of other items, the lead time would be a period ranging from 3 days to 3 months, depending upon market conditions and availability of materials reordered. Sometimes it may happen that the items may not be available in ready stocks with the vendors/suppliers, and therefore, it may

Marketing Communication Project for Abbey National Essay

Marketing Communication Project for Abbey National - Essay Example The appropriate promotional product mix is chosen. The guidelines of evaluation and control of the campaign is prepared. On COST, but not on PRICE: The term 'Customer's cost' is very essential. It is not the price what customer pays, but the value of the product and services customer has to delineate to acquire the product / services he /she is getting. Whether the customer is getting the value for money On COMMUNICATION but not on PROMOTION: The emphasize is on Communication. There is no place of product or service promotion. The buying decision of a customer no longer depends only on the product or services offered. It also depends on various other factors like company reputation, it's standing in public image etc. Communication is the most essential aspect in achieving this goal. The communication process should be a two way process involving the customer for feedback. As per the American Association of Advertising Agencies, the IMC can be defined as "a concept of marketing communication planning the recognizes the added value of a comprehensive plan that evaluates the strategic role of a variety of communication disciplines e.g. general advertising, direct response, sales promotion and public relations - and combines those disciplines to provide clarity, consistency and maximum communication impact"1. The core idea behind Integrated Marketing Communication is to combine the various communication tools that are traditionally used independently of each other in such a way that a synergetic effect is created taking care of making the effort seamless or homogeneous. It emphasizes that the communication becomes more effective and efficient due to the result of the consistency and synergetic effects of all the tools used. It should be noted that the emphasize is put on the words consistency

Homework Wk 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Homework Wk 3 - Assignment Example a. US Treasury Bills – Although it is the most liquid short-term security it is considered as risk-free investment. This could lead to potential disadvantage for corporations’ cash management because the yields of these securities are nominal that may not be sufficient for current cash requirements. b. Ordinary Preferred Stock – It allows a company to raise capital without diluting voting rights where the investor is eligible to receive regular dividends. This is in contrast to the nature of pure equity where investor shares risk of firm. This would require regular cash outflow by the firm. c. NCDs – They allow the companies to raise capital from investors by promising returns at specified rate of interest on deposit. NCDs also allow the investor to trade security in stock markets so that investor may exit the option before maturity. But when the corporation is not able to earn regular cash as a result of which its weighted average cost of capital exceeds interest earned then NCDs may become a burden for the corporate. d. Commercial Papers – They are issued by corporations having good credit ratings and market reputation allowing them to raise capital from investors directly without any intermediary (like banks). This reduces the cost of borrowing but requires company to repay investor at own expense. From given information if the cost of carrying per phone is $26 per year and fixed order cost is $340 then carrying cost per phone is approximately 13.08 (that is, 340/26) and total carrying cost for 740 phones is approximately $9676.92 (that is, 13.08 x 740). From the above calculations it is clear that the company should increase order size as the storage cost is cheaper than cost of carry. Also, the optimal inventory policy would require the company to produce 38 phones [since, √ [2 x 740 x (340/26)] = 38.04]. JIT inventory management system allows manufacturer to eliminate

Role of government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Role of government - Essay Example In the 19th century, the government had little concern about the economy of the country. The government only ensured that its people had sufficient food and basic necessities (Zeckhauser and Leebaert 84). However, current governments are concerned with the improvement of the economy. The government takes the responsibility of funding projects that will benefit the citizens an also generate income to the nation. Unlike the olden governments, the current government also invests in other nations so that the country has a larger income. The government facilitates international trade that has an economic benefit for the nation. The changes have come as a result of the economic competition between countries and the desire for development. The government protects the rights of all people regardless of their race or gender. Current governments are focused on gender and race equalities and hence the laws that are developed and enforced have a lot of respect for gender and race equality. This has come up as a result of modernization and evolvement of cultures. The government plays a vital role in enforcing rights and freedoms of its citizens. The governments of the 19th century favored the natives, but the situation has long changed due to the pressures for equality. The modern governments are very helpful in preparation for disasters and offer a lot of help when natural disasters hit (Zeckhauser and Leebaert 171). The current governments have implemented programs and set up departments that deal with natural disasters. Through such departments, the government is able to help its people during disasters. The situation was different during the 19 century since technology levels were low, and the government roles were not well defined. Programs such as the FEMA have been developed specifically to ply for the needs of the citizens during disasters. The government has made an improvement in its role in the medical and education sectors. In the past, the role

A Narrative History (Brief Eighth Edition) Questions about chapter Assignment

A Narrative History (Brief Eighth Edition) Questions about chapter 18-23. George Brown Tindall - Assignment Example This reduced the ability of the confederate to survive. Obstacles that hindered the provision of equal citizenship for freed African Americans The death of Abraham Lincoln was a major setback to the provision of equal citizenship opportunities to the freed African Americans; this was also compounded by the tendency of the Southerners to restrict citizenship to only the white population. The newly elected president Andrew Johnson also did not show any interest in granting the freed African American equal opportunities of citizenships. Reconstruction Amendments and their purposes Various amendments were implemented in America in order to reconstruct the various sectors that were affected by the civil war for instance: The thirteenth amendment which was meant to eradicate slavery. The fourteenth amendment was also implemented to facilitate the effective implementation of then Civil Act Rights of 1866. Consequently, the third amendment is the Fifteenth amendment which was formulated with an objective of granting the African American the right to participate in voting activities. Reconstruction Plans by Abraham Lincoln, Andrew Johnson and Congressional Reconstruction President Lincoln before his death had plans to incorporate the southerners in to the Union whereby 10% of the voting populace from the respective states which had participated in the previous elections of 1860 would take an oath of Loyalty to the Union and accept eradication of Slavery. Andrew Johnson on the other hand, demanded that 50% of the voting populace from each state that had participated in the last election would swear an allegiance to the Union and would formulate a constitution that would adopt the Thirteenth Amendment. Consequently, the Congressional Reconstruction had plans with specific stipulations that posited that; voters from the individual state would swear loyalty to the Union followed by a formulation of a constitution in each state in accordance to the demands of the Congress. T he congress also planned each officer of the confederate write a letter of pardon which they would review and accept the requirements of the 13th, 14th and the 15th amendments. Industries that formed the basis of the Economy of the New South After the civil war, the economy of the New South was supported by various industries such as; textile industries, steel and Agriculture which provided employment to over 70% of the populace in the South. Reasons why the blacks were disenfranchised in the 1890’s and how it was accomplished The major reason why the Blacks were disenfranchised in the 1890’s was due racial hatred that existed between races; it was done through arbitrary registration activities, conducting literary tests, lynching, mob killing as well as poll taxes. Differences in philosophy of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B Du Bois According to Booker T, the African American would only be granted their full citizenship through their hard word and education a proof to the whites of the patience and faithfulness in conducting their duties. Du Bois on the other hand, opposed Booker T and posited that the latter’s ideology would only perpetuate the sufferings of the blacks from the hands of the whites hence campaigned for political acts and the promotion of

Role of government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Role of government - Essay Example In the 19th century, the government had little concern about the economy of the country. The government only ensured that its people had sufficient food and basic necessities (Zeckhauser and Leebaert 84). However, current governments are concerned with the improvement of the economy. The government takes the responsibility of funding projects that will benefit the citizens an also generate income to the nation. Unlike the olden governments, the current government also invests in other nations so that the country has a larger income. The government facilitates international trade that has an economic benefit for the nation. The changes have come as a result of the economic competition between countries and the desire for development. The government protects the rights of all people regardless of their race or gender. Current governments are focused on gender and race equalities and hence the laws that are developed and enforced have a lot of respect for gender and race equality. This has come up as a result of modernization and evolvement of cultures. The government plays a vital role in enforcing rights and freedoms of its citizens. The governments of the 19th century favored the natives, but the situation has long changed due to the pressures for equality. The modern governments are very helpful in preparation for disasters and offer a lot of help when natural disasters hit (Zeckhauser and Leebaert 171). The current governments have implemented programs and set up departments that deal with natural disasters. Through such departments, the government is able to help its people during disasters. The situation was different during the 19 century since technology levels were low, and the government roles were not well defined. Programs such as the FEMA have been developed specifically to ply for the needs of the citizens during disasters. The government has made an improvement in its role in the medical and education sectors. In the past, the role

UML Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

UML - Essay Example It is a highly expressive language, addressing all the views needed to develop and deploy such systems. The UML has gained substantial industry support from various organizations through the UML Partners Consortium and has been approved by the Object Management Group (OMG) as a criterion. The UML provides the rules and the vocabulary for conceptual and physical representation of a system. Additionally, UML renders the guidelines to create and read well-formed models of systems. Employing UML, application architects and programmers can make a blueprint of a project that visualizes the relationship between elements of software, which in turn makes the actual development process of the software easier. The originator of UML, the Rational Rose from Rational Software, is the most popular visual modeling tool. The UML is a modeling language that focuses on capturing, communicating and levering knowledge. However, the UML is not restricted to modeling software systems; it can also be utiliz ed for modeling non-software systems. It helps in visualizing a system in that it can be used to visually depict a system before it is deployed. It helps in specifying systems in that it addresses "what" is required of system, and "how" the system may be deployed. By constructing a system, UML applies for guiding the realization of a system similar to a "blueprint", and by documenting a system UML applies for capturing knowledge about a system throughout its development (Xpdian.com, 2009). Relationships in UML: 1. Dependency: It is a semantic relationship between two things in which a change to one thing (independent element) may affect the semantics of another thing (dependent element). Graphically, a dependency is rendered as a directed dashed line, including labels. 2. Association: It is a structural relationship that describes a asset of links, a link being connection among objects. Graphically, an association is rendered as a directed solid line, including a label, and often containing adornments like multiplicity, role names, etc. 3. Generalization: It is a specialization/generalization relationship in which objects of the specialized element (child) can be substituted for objects of the generalized element (parent). Graphically, a generalization is rendered as a solid line with a hollow arrowhead pointing to the parent. 4. Realization: It is a semantic relationship between classifiers, in which one classifier defines a contract that another classifier guarantees to execute. This relationship is seen in two places, between interfaces and the classes or components that realize them, and between use cases and collaborations that realize them. Graphically, a realization is rendered as a cross between generalization and a dependency relationship (Xpdian.com, 2009). UML defines nine types of diagrams: Class Diagrams: Class diagrams are the backbone of every object oriented method, including UML, and are most common diagrams found in modeling object oriented systems. Class diagrams address the static view/ structure of a system. Object Diagrams: Object diagrams represent static snapshots of instances of the things found in class diagrams. In other words, these diagrams describe the static structure of a system at a particular time. They are designed to test class diagrams for accuracy. Use Case

Concept of Sustainble Development Essay Example for Free

Concept of Sustainble Development Essay The tradition concept of development has for a considerable period of time been driven by economic considerations. Exploitation of natural resources which leads to environmental degradation motivated by targets of maximum profits has been the norm and little regard has been granted to the side effects of development initiatives. Gradual escalation of awareness and realisation of the range as well as the magnitude of environmental effects of development initiatives led to worldwide discussions on the way forward. Consequently, the concept sustainable development was conceived. However, this concept is perceived to be oxymoron by environmentalists, in other terms it is viewed as a combination of two contradicting terminologies. In view of the above, this essay endeavours to explain with relevant specific examples the reason why environmentalists consider the concept sustainable development as an oxymoron. In order to establish a good argument, two literature definitions of sustainable development shall be given. This will be followed by an explanation why sustainable development is considered to be oxymoron and this shall be supported by examples. And only after then shall a conclusion be stressed. According to the Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources (2007: V) sustainable development is defined as, â€Å"development that meets the needs and aspirations of the present generation without causing deterioration and without compromising the ability to meet the needs of future generations†. On the other hand Todaro and Smith (2003) asserted that sustainable development entails both intra-generational and inter-generational equity. These concepts project a requirement of the present generation to meet their needs and aspirations without destroying the ability of the future generations to come and meet their needs and aspirations. As earlier alluded to, the concept s ustainable development is a mixture of two words with distinct opposing interpretations. According to Arend and Eureta (2002) sustainability entails the maintenance of the extraordinary diversity of plants, animals and insects that exist on earth. The other term development is known as a multidimensional phenomenon which has several aspects namely; economic, social, political, cultural and environmental. It is imperative to acknowledge the fact that true development involves a record of progress in all the dimensions of the development process. Furthermore, it is also necessary to be cognisant of the point that the environment and global systems which includes development are a series of dynamic and interconnected processes changing and interacting overtime, (Todaro and smith, 2003). From the definitions provided above, it is apparent that the two expressions sustainability and development contradict each other. This is due to the point that sustainability emphasizes on maintaining diversity and productivity of natural resources overtime. On the contrary, natural resources fuel the process of development; therefore, development cannot be a reality without consuming natural resources. The global community is hungry for development as a result people are constantly improving their livelihoods and welfare so as to attain higher standards of living through many innovations such as technology which in turn negatively impact on the environment. The question which maybe asked here is â€Å"what forms the basis of livelihoods?† (ECZ, 2008). According to ECZ (2000), the environment is the cornerstone of our livelihoods because biological resources are the primary sources of economic development thus development is all about consuming natural resources. Besides development, population dynamics also exert pressure on natural resources. With a clear reflection that development is all about the utilisation of natural resources, how then can sustainability be transformed into actuality? This is the question asked by many environmental practioners. It is evident through many global development initiatives how planetary natural resources are being utilized in order to achieve desired development targets. The two terminologies sustainability and development can be compared to a saying that says â€Å"two cobras cannot stay in the same mountain one has to die or eventually leave the mountain†. Therefore, sustainability and development are two cobras staying in the same mountain. The implication according to environmentalists is that, if we are to achieve ultimate sustainability then development should be out of the picture, (Energy Regulation Board, 2007). In Zambia, development programmes are using environmental resources at an increasing rate. With a fast growing population, the drive to meet goals set out in national development strategies and in international conventions, most recently defined in the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), has likewise accelerat ed. As an example to illustrate the contradiction between sustainability and development, urbanisation in Chipata district can be utilized. As by definition, urbanisation may also mean development of land into residential, commercial and industrial properties. Urbanisation in Chipata has resulted in a number of negative environmental impacts which have adversely affected the diversity of biological resources. Consequential environmental effects include deforestation which has provoked excessive vegetative removal of tree cover along streams and on hills around Chipata town. Furthermore, land degradation due to urbanization is also prevalent in Chipata and this has led to soil erosion, sand and earth mining and degradation of catchment areas of Lunkhwakwa and Lutembwe rivers, (ECZ, 2008). Chipata district has over 56,000 hectors of land under protection and most areas are threatened by encroachment and deforestation due to urbanisation. Urbanisation in Chipata can be considered as progress from a developmental perspective because more houses, shops and industries have been erected and this has advanced people’s liv elihoods in terms of increased housing facilities and employment opportunities. However, this contradicts with sustainability because there has been excessive destruction of forests on the hills of Chipata which has resulted in extreme soil erosion down the slope, (ECZ, 2008). With reference to the economic dimension of the development process, the construction and expansion of mining as well as manufacturing industries can be perceived as progress. This is due to the fact that the existence of operational industries attracts various benefits to the local people. Firstly, job opportunities are created for the local and this helps them sustain their lives by acquiring wages at the end of each month. Salaries obtained by people from employment give them the ability to command their basic needs such as food, shelter and clothes, (MoFNP, 2006). The mining industry has played a pivotal role in the development of the country. However, the availability of exposed, accessible and near surface mineral deposits are increasingly becoming scarce requiring more expensive equipment to locate deeper buried ore deposits. This has led to gigantic environmental degradation due to the use of heavy sophisticated earth moving machines. For instance, when Konkola copper Mines (KCM) took over from Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines (ZCCM) on the copperbelt, Chingola and Chililabombwe in particular. After a while later, the production scale was upgraded and this created employment opportunities for over three thousand individuals who were unemployed, (MoFNP, 2006). Other benefits included improved infrastructure such as roads and schools as well as better health services. According to economists and development planners this was considered as national development because the lives of people were improved. However, the view of economists and development planners contradict with that of environmentalists because an elevation in the production scale of any industry is problematic as far as environmental sustainability is concerned because of unsustainable production strategies that hamper a good quality of life, (ECZ, 2011). According to ECZ (2008) mining activities especially large-scale open pit mining has negatively affected the environment resulting into environmental degradation. Among the prominent open pit mines are Nchanga, Kansanshi and Maamba collieries. Despite development enhanced by these mines, industrial operations of these sites have caused the contamination of terrestrial ecosystems mostly ascribed to dust fall-out and this has been a draw back as far as the maintenance of biological resources diversity and productivity are concerned. Kafue River on the copperbelt was polluted by Konkola copper Mines Plc due to toxic substances which were discharged into the water body. This occurrence negatively affected marine ecosystems which resulted in a depletion of certain species. Water resources have been affected by climate change and other factors such as increase in population growth, industry and agriculture which are induced by development. Unfortunately, there has been no corresponding expansion of sewerage infrastructure and solid waste disposal facilities and most of them are in a poor state, despite the increasing rate of development and this actually curbs sustainability. However, it must be realized that only after the last tree has been cut, only after the last river has been poisoned, only after the last fish has been caught only then will it be discovered that money cannot be eaten, (ECZ, 2008). Human sustainability has also been affected due to the side effects of development which have made the environment unsafe to support a good quality of life. The rate at which development is happening has put so much pressure on the environment and this has resulted into various environmental issues such as air pollution, water pollution, land pollution and ozone layer depletion among others. Environmentalists have identified that increasing industrial operations in Zambia have negatively influenced life expectancy and infant mortality rate. For example, adult survivorship levels have been declining in the last twenty years following rapid development trends. Life expectancy for females dropped from 46 years in 1980 to 44 years and 29 years in 2000. In the same category for males it was 44 years in 1980, 42 years in 1990 and 23 years in 2000. Diseases associated with environmental degradation include malaria, tuberculosis, asthma, bronchitis and dysentery among others and these so far have claimed quite a considerable number of lives, (MoFNP, 2006). In conclusion, it can be said that development and sustainability are two ends of the same continuum. Whichever example of development one might think of such as industrialization and housing, they are unsustainable, unless that development is related to green technologies or meant to counter the adverse effectives of development. In the end, the solution is a compromise because people need sustainability but cannot progress without development, hence, sustainable development. We can have development as long as we put measures in place to minimise environment damage. These measures include environmental impact assessments, environmental audits and strategic environmental assessments among others, hereafter ensuring sustainability. REFERENCES Arend. H and Eureta. J (2002). Environmental Encyclopaedia: South Africa: Eco-Logic Publication. ECZ (2000). The State of the Environment in Zambia. Lusaka: Environmental Council of Zambia. ECZ (2008). Zambia Environment Outlook Report 3. Lusaka: Environmental Council of Zambia. ECZ (2011). The Enviroline; ECZ Magazine Issue No. 33, January-April 2011. Lusaka: Environmental Council of Zambia. Energy Regulation Board, (2007). Energy Regulations Board: Energy Sector Report-2006. Ministry of Tourism, Environment and Natural Resources (2007). National Policy On The Environment. Lusaka: MTENR. Ministry of Finance and National Planning (2006). Economic Report. Lusaka: Zambia. Todaro M.P and Smith S.C (2003). Economic development.8th edition.New Delhi, Pearson Publication.

Methods of Studying the Brain

Methods of Studying the Brain History of brain treatments Trepanning is a surgical procedure where a hold is drilled into the skull using a surgical tool, in the 17th and 19th century. The process involved drilling into the skull and removing a piece of bone. In ancient times trepanning was done as a tribal ritual to let evil spirts escape out of the head. It was performed to cure, headaches, and many mental illness for instance; Huntingtons, Parkinson, schizophrenia and epilepsy. Lobotomy is a surgical procedure in which the nerve pathways in a lobes of the brain are severed from those in other areas. The procedure was used as a radical therapeutic measure distributed patients, who had mental illnesses. Moreover, lobotomy was used in mental institutions where the patients wouldnt understand and known it is been done. (ETHICS) Also, the patients would often could out of the procedure with black eyes from the surgery and they would be given darken glasses to cover up the bruising ( ETHICS) A few years later Thorine a chemical lobotomy was designed which was better as there wasnt a risk of surgery. 2,900 lobotomies were performed. The last one to be performed was in 1967 due to the patient dying of brain haemorrhage. EEG stands for electroencephalogram which is a recording of the brains activity. Small sensors are attached to the scalp to pick up the electrical signals produced when brain cells send message to each other. Helped to monitoring and diagnosing conditions affecting the brain. Invasive methods Invasive methods are a therapeutic technique that involves breaking the skin. It involves the injection or a placement of a device into the body. Invasive pain management therapies have been used to treat neck and back pain. Invasive methods are done by open surgery or laroscopy. Advantages Disadvantages Increase safety less trauma to the body and far less blood loss Can be time consuming for patient and surgeon Less scaring only takes about two stitches to close the womb Long recover, some patient might be lucky to start to feel recovered by 6 to 8 weeks but others longer. You dont have to stay in hospital very long most patients get discharged within 24 hours. At very high risk of infection More accurate As well as find other damaged areas you might damage that area more or even they might have done the damage. When doing the surgery you may find other damaged areas and be able to remove or treat it. Very expensive Non invasive Non-invasive is a therapeutic technique which doesnt involve invading or breaking the skin. Therefore, the produce does not involve tools that can beak the skin or physically enter the body. For example; x-rays, CT scans, MRI, and ECG. Until recent years, exploratory surgery was routinely performed when a patient was critically ill and the source of illness wasnt known. Advantages Disadvantages The patient undergo less stress as no time for healing or been under general anaesthetic. Some of the scanning can be harmful to the body ad involves radiation Less time consuming Might not see if it damages any other area or if there is any other disease or damage to the brain. Very quick recovery Might not always be an opinion, the surgeon might offer Invasive first Reduced risk of infection Some of the scans may stimulate other parts of the brain Cheaper MRI scanner X-RAY machine Deep Brain Stimulation Deep stimulation is a surgical procedure (invasive technique) which is performed under local anaesthetic. It is perform in this situation so that the patient can talk and have brain movement to say the procedure has worked. Deep stimulation is the main type of surgery used to treat Parkinsons disease. Parkinsons is not cure able however; it may help to control the movement of the symptoms. Deep brain stimulation involved very fine wires with electrodes at the tip of the brain, which send electrical impulse to the targeted part of the brain. These are connected to extensions that are tunneled under the skin behind the ear and down the neck. They are connected to a pulse generator, which is placed under the skin around the chest. With Deep Brain Stimulation treating disease of mental health, some people not understand what is mean done and therefore their careers give permission for it to be done and this isnt technical right the patient themselves hasnt full agreed to it. Furthermore, the patient isnt de-brief before the surgery to make sure they full understand what the procedure is and this is all unethical to society. Advantage Disadvantage Very accurate Increase risk of infection. The implantation of foreign objects entering then body. Good technique Additional surgery may be needed is any of the equipment stops working. Sometimes every 3 to 5 years. Minimal opening to brain Time consuming Effective techniquie Devices which are inserted into the body can sometimes interfere with other devices. No damage to the brain during the surgery Sometimes uncomfortable sensations during stimulation can occur. Lesion Production Brain Lesions can be caused by injury, infection, and problems with immune system. There cause is still unknown. There are several of types and some of the effects can cause great harm to you whereas, some are harmless. In lesions, nerve cells die, leaving behind damages areas of the brain. Then after time the brain function in those parts of the brain decrease. Disease such as; Parkinsons, huntingsons Alzheimers and some types of dementia are a group of brain lesions. Some drug additions can be linked to lesions. Symptoms of a brain lesion vary depending on the type, location and size of the lesion. Symptoms include; Headache Nauseas Change of vision Memory loss Seizures Fever There are different types of Brain lesions. For instance abscesses and Alzheimers and other dementias. Abscesses are areas of infection, including inflamed tissue. This isnt a common however, theyre life threating. Brain abscesses often occur after an infection. Moreover, it can also appear after an injury or surgery. Alzheimers disease and other dementias these are another group of brain lesions. In these lesion, the nerve cells die which leaves behind damaged areas to the brain. then Problems which can occur from brain Lesions are: Mood changes Personality changes Behaviour can change Mental ability can change A loss of memory Having pain in joints and having difficulty to move Producing lesion is purposely destroying an area on the brain to research and investigate specific areas of the brain. From this you can see exactly which parts do which function. There are three ways to make an lesion. Chemically to destroy the neurons Electrical current to also destroy the neurons Surgically This involves cutting a part of the brain Advantages Disadvantages The whole of the brain been analysed at once therefore a lot of information and research can be gathered. Involves surgery cutting into patients brain could be a lot of blood loss. The removal of lesion can decrease or even stop seizures Recovery could take away Can look at the size of the lesion and see the damage cause for instance Wernickes or Brocas The surgery could cause stress for the patient Increase risk of infection due to the recovery time and its surgery Removal of a lesion can cause damage in the brain e.g Wernecks or Brocas- language and speech centres. Carbon nanotubes Carbon nanotubes are tubes which have a very small diameter for example it can be as small as one nanometer. This is a very new invention and scientists are hoping to build tiny transistors for computer chips and other electronic devices. Each day carbon nanotubes have more research on and so they are very new. Carbon nanotubes are electrodes which are surrounded by carbon atoms in the shape of a coil. They are really thin! Thinner than a piece of hair. Nanotechnology is used often as it has a lot of uses. For example; sunscreens, self cleaning glass and clothes with UV protection. Uses for nanotubes are Brain tumour research Possibility of using the nanotubes to directly deliver cancer fighting drugs into the brain Medical uses for instance; bone scaffolding and cell therapy. This is achieved by drugs or silencing genes Carbon nanotubes recently used to control the damage caused by a stroke, dental implants or synthetic muscles. Ethnics on carbon nanotubes is it is still experimental and we dont know how it will effect individuals in the long term. Its still be researched and developed. Advantages Disadvantages Many sectors e.g medical, energy and manufacturing benefit from it Newer technology therefore, not much testing been done. New possible cancer therapy Can be difficult to work with Lots of information on neurones and their responses. Very small and can be very expensive to produce. Future treatments of neurological disorders such as Parkinsons and strokes So far it is only been used in experiments so no long term effects seen We as humans are carbon based. Nobody knows how it will react to the body, will it be compatible Surgery will still be required and therefore, surgical; risks attached. Stereotaxic surgery Stereotaxic surgery is also called stereotactic. It is brain surgery where a brain tumour is removed with using image if the brain to guild the surgeon to a target within the brain. Neuro-navigation is a technique which may have an external frame attached to the head or imaging markers attached to the scalp to orient the surgeon in his approach. The term stereotactic came from Greek and Latin roots which meant touch in space. Stereotaxic surgery is used for many reasons, which include: Brain tumors Deep Brain Stimulates Monitoring activity of brain for instance; scanning Monitoring and treating Parkinsons Side effects for stereotaxic is that is have very few immediate effects than the normal radiosurgery, as the area being treated is smaller. However, you are likely to have hair loss, feel sick, feel fatigue, dizzy, have headaches or have rashes appear on your skin. These are common side effects of regular external radiotherapy to the brain. Doctors normal give does of steroid before the treatment or straight after to help prevent side effects due to swelling in the brain. Advantages Disadvantages No cutting is involved in Could stimulate wrong area of brain therefore different behavior would be seen Lots of research taking place Could damage the brain Used in Parkinsons treatment Bleeding could be caused Function Magnetic Resonance Imaging (FMRI) FMRI is a technique for measuring the metabolic changes that occur in brain activity. It uses a powerful magnetic field and radio waves frequency pulses to produce detailed pictures of soft tissues, bone and other internal body structure. It works by detecting the change in blood oxygenation and flow that occur in response to neural activity. When an area is more active it consumes more oxygen and to meet this increased demand blood flow increase to the active area. It can be used to examine the brains anatomy, determines which part of the brain are handling critical functions, evaluate the effect of stroke or disease. FMRI is the only technique which can detect abnormalities within the brain. This is a picture of an FMRI scanner, which is a large tube that contains powerful magnets. You lie inside the tube straight and as still as possible during the scan. Advantages Disadvantages Does not use radiation Scanners usually expensive Has no visual risks Person needs to be completely still for it to capture a clear image Evaluate brain function safely and effectively Researchers still dont completely understand how it works. fMRI is easy to use People are in an enclosed space, so people who are claustrophobic are faced with problems with MRI to be done. MRI scan can provide information about the blood circulation throughout the body and blood vessels The scan involves really loud noises while processing because they involve a really high amount of electric current supple Magnetoencephalography (MEG) MEG measures ongoing brain activity with millisecond time resolution. It works by detecting magnetic fields which are created by the brains electrical signals. MEG is used for finding out about diseases such as; Parkinsons and Alzheimers. But also is used for research to measure the time course of brain activity and can detect epilepsy, as well as detect areas of the brain that are most important to avoid during surgery. MEG has to be carried out in a shielded room often in the night when there are no other electrical devices on. This is because the fields are a billion times smaller than the earths magnetic field. The patient will sit inside a helmet of special sensors that detect the tiny magnetic signals produced by the brain, as shown below; Advantages Disadvantages Makes no noise Time consuming takes 2 hours to be performed. No discomfort for patient Needs a special magnetically shield room Detects areas of normal and abnormal activity in the brain. Used to compliment other imaging techniques Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) TMS is a magnetic method used to stimulate small regions of the brain. During the procedure, a magnetic field generator, or coil, is placed near the head of the person receiving the treatment. The stimulation take approximately around 20 to 30 minutes. While receiving the stimulations, the patient is normally fully awake, no anaesthetic needed. There are minimal side effects. TSM is used to treat depression, pain relief, feeling of euphoria of fear and patient who do not response well to antidepressant medication. The procedure is associated with mild and minimal side effects, including: feelings of light headedness temporary hearing problems, due to the sometimes loud magnet noise mild headaches tingling in the face, jaw, or scalp Advantages Disadvantages Non- invasive Could damage normal brain function No anaesthetic needed Magnetic items must not be worm Widely available Ethics Informed Consent disclosure of all significant risks, both those known and those suspected possible. Potential Benefit must outweigh risk Equal distribution of risk Particularly vulnerable patient populations should be avoided. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) PET stands for positron emission tomography. PET scans are images which can clearly show the part of the body which being investigated which could consist of abnormal areas of the body or brain and can highlight how well certain areas of the body are functioning. A PET scan works by detecting radiation inside the body, and images are made my passing x-rays through the patients body. Radioactive substances are injected into the body. The level of radiation is very small and the radioactive substance has a short decay time and neither of these will damage your body. A PET scan is pain free, and you should are able to return home on the same day without any side effects or restriction function adequately. Scans usually take around 30-60 minutes. Advantages Disadvantages Detect and monitor cancerous growths Very expensive Makes sure functions in the body are working. Not widely available only certain hospitals have them in the UK, and you might have to travel a distance to get one. PET imaging is able to be used as an alternative to biopsy and other exploratory surgeries to determine how much a disease has spread. Not as clear as CT or fMRI scans Reduce the number of unnecessary surgeries performed due to incorrect diagnosis and staging data. Tumour growth and inflammation of brain areas are difficult to tell apart. Stem Cells Stem cells are a class of undistinguishable cells that are able to differentiate into specialised cell types. It is most like that stem cells come from two main sources, for example: Embryos (embryonic stem cells) adult stem cells Stem cells are unspecialised cells which are restarting themselves through cell division and have the potential to develop into many different cell types which plays a central role in generation and for the generation to come of the body. Stem cells act as an internal repair system, dividing to replace other cells which are lost through wear and tear. Each time a stem cell divides, each new cell may either remain a stem cell or become another type of cell with a more specialised function for example; bone or muscle cells. Stem cells can give growth to any tissue in the body and, from this it can provide nearly limitless potential for medical applications. Current studies are researching how stem cells may be used to prevent or even cure disease e.g Parkinsons, diabetes, heart disease and even Alzheimers ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Medical benefits for example; therapeutic cloning gets treat chronic illnesses. Embryos that are not a patients own and the patients body may reject them. Provide an insight to the growth and development of human cells as the understanding of everything about human cells, scientists and researchers would also have a better understanding of disease, and how it comes and what damages the cells which leads them to illness. Difficult to find and extract from tissue Can replace faulty cells with healthy cells, so the individual is well again Adult stem cells only produce a few types of cells No embryo is destroyed so not an ethical issue Ethical implications Embryonic stem cell research poses a moral dilemma. It forces us to choose between two moral principles: The duty to prevent suffering The duty to respect the value of human life In the case of embryonic stem cell research, it is impossible to respect both moral principles. To obtain embryonic stem cells, the early embryo has to be destroyed. This means destroying a potential human life. But embryonic stem cell research could lead to the discovery of new medical treatments that would stop the suffering of many people. Â   Â   There is two issues of stem cells, one that we highly value the duty to prevent suffering and the other the duty to respect the value of human life. A potential humans life is a risk of life or not. It is more ethical to take stem cells from a bone borrow of an individual to help saves someones life as to do so it needs constant from the individual for the bone borrow to be given. Whereas, a less ethical view is were a stem cell could be taken from a embolic cord where the mother of the child may have given constant and mean it can go ahead however, the baby might not have wanted that therefore this is morally wrong. Foetal Brain-tissue Grafting A method of treating diseases, such as; parkingsons and huntingtons by grafting brain cells from human foetuses onto the affected area of the human brain. Human adults cannot grow new brain cells however, developing unborn foetuses can, this is because, grafting foetal tissue stimulates the growth of new brain cells in affected adult brains. Use of foetal brain tissue is consequent from aborted embryos or foetuses. The ethical issues related to a therapeutic approach, which is relevantly modern and therefore not only concern the possible side effects for a graft-receiving patient, but also the relationship between the requirements for foetal tissue and the decision-making process for induced abortion. Although for human embryos and foetuses have been the subject of biomedical studies, and, in principle, their use has therefore not been seen as ethically objectionable, the above points made it necessary to reconsider the moral issues. Bibliography http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02700424 http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Fetal+tissue+transplantation History of brain treatments http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=trct=jq=esrc=sfrm=1source=webcd=1ved=0ahUKEwjN8NXE35bQAhUWz2MKHYl8BFcQFggpMAAurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brain-surgery.com%2Fhistory-of-brain-surgery-1%2Fusg=AFQjCNGfniG_DTtMu0pnbq76NH6vFoSU4Qbvm=bv.137904068,d.d2s A good website to go on to first, as it gave an over view of the different methods but also different times e.g the Hippocrates and how life was like for treating the brain then. https://www.britannica.com/topic/lobotomy lobotomy surgery and how it is done and why it is done. http://www.ancient.eu/Trephination/ Brothwell, D, Diseases in Antiquity (Charles C Thomas Pub Ltd, 1967). http://www.imaginis.com/faq/what-does-non-invasive-mean Invasive and non-invasive http://www.frca.co.uk/article.aspx?articleid=252 Very good website to start on however no pros or cons one it. http://internationaljournalofcaringsciences.org/docs/Vol1_Issue3_02_Lavdaniti.pdf History on the technique http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/304235-overview Good over view and background information Deep Brain Stimulation https://www.parkinsons.org.uk/content/deep-brain-stimulation-surgery-parkinsons how deep stimulation is used to treat Parkinsons. http://www.neurosurgery.pitt.edu/centers-excellence/epilepsy-and-movement-disorders-program/deep-brain-stimulation-movement-disorders This website explains how deep stimulation can cure certain things and what disorders it helps to cure. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WW-SWAnphFU video of the deep stimulation back ground information and how it was performed http://videos.howstuffworks.com/sciencentral/2937-deep-brain-stimulation-video.htm Another video of how it works and what its done. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25597042 good for information on ethics for DBS. Clearly layout and simple to understand http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12152-015-9240-9 very very complex site and not good for getting information. http://www.webmd.com/brain/brain-lesions-causes-symptoms-treatments Lesion Production http://www.webmd.com/brain/brain-lesions-causes-symptoms-treatments http://www.emedicinehealth.com/brain_lesions_lesions_on_the_brain/page10_em.htm

Risk Management Essay -- Business Management

Risk is a commonly used term and its usually liked with bad impacts on our objectives. The Oxford English Dictionary define risk as â€Å" a chance or possibility of danger, loss, injury or other adverse consequences†. There is no agreeable technical definition of risk as it went through many developments. The first stage was the management of threats only then the term is extended to cover the threats and the opportunities which face the organisations. The latest stage which is the management of the threats, opportunities, uncertainties and its sources. Of uncertainty (Ward and Chapmen, 2003). Therefore, Dowie argues to banned use the term â€Å"risk† in the risk management because of its misleading. The definition will be used in this paper is the Australia/New Zealand standard definition which is "The chance of something happening that will have an impact on objectives" (Australia/New Zealand Standard, 1999). The reasons of using this definition are the simplicities and the coverage of the negative and positive effects on objectives. Risk management has been done for thousands of years (Bernstein, 1996). The Risk management term was first introduced in the 1950s by the insurance industry. The first text book published about risk management in 1963 titled Risk management and the Business Enterprise by Robert I. Mehr and Bob Hedges (D’Arcy and Brogan, 2001). Risk management is a integrated process and risk manger need to assist the company’s business process are constant with its strategies, and the what is the relation between risk management and the investment and performance choices (Nocco and Stulz, 2006). Organisations should develop a risk management long term strategies depending on the business environment and shareholders an... ...ment guide 2001. London: White Page. Hodgkinson, R. (2001). Enterprise-wide risk management . Risk management guide 2001, London: White Page. Committee of Sponsoring Organizations (COSO), (2004). Enterprise Risk Management—Integrated Framework. New York: COSO. Beasley, M. Clune, R. And Hermanson, D. (2005), Enterprise risk management: An empirical analysis of factors associated with the extent of implementation. Journal of Accounting and Public Policy. 24. pp. 521-531 Kleffner, A., Lee, R., McGannon, B., (2003). The effect of corporate governance on the use of enterprise risk management: evidence from Canada. Risk Management and Insurance Review 6 (1), pp.53–73. Liebenberg, A., Hoyt, R., (2003). The determinants of enterprise risk management: evidence from the appointment of chief risk officers. Risk Management and Insurance Review 6 (1), pp. 37–52.